Psych exam 2 (punishment vs reinforcement, and schedule of reinforcement)

positive reinforcement

a behavioral technique that strengthens desired actions by adding a rewards stimulus immediately following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of it being repeated (add to increase)

negative reinforcement

a behavioral principle where a target behavior is strengthened or increases by removing an unpleasant aversive stimulus following that behavior (remove to increase)

negative punishment

a behavioral technique that reduces the likelihood of a behavior by removing a desired stimulus following an unwanted action (remove to decrease)

positive punishment

a behavioral technique used to decrease undesired behavior by adding an aversive stimulus immediately following that behavior (add to decrease)

example of negative punishment

ben didn’t get his homework done on time, so his parents took his favorite video game

example of positive reinforcement

bill’s father praises him every time he practices the piano

example of positive punishment

whenever Bethany calls he brother a bad name, he pinches her arm

example of negative reinforcement

Brianna’s parents constantly name her about cleaning her room. when she finally cleans her room, her parent stop nagging

variable ratio

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed ratio

reinforcement occurs after a specified number of responses

variable interval

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable time period

fixed interval

reinforcement occurs after a specified amount of time

example of variable ratio

rat is rewarded with 1 food pellet after an average of 7 bar presses

example of variable interval

rat is rewarded with 1 food pellet for first bar press after an average of 3 minutes

example of fixed ratio

rat is rewarded with 1 food pellet every 4 bar presses

example of fixed interval

rat is rewarded with 1 food pellet for first bar press after every 5 minutes

what is the difference between fixed and variable

fixed is predictable, while variable is unpredictable
fixed people will do their best wrk when they know it counts, variable they work consistently because they don’t know when it could count