Mental Illness & Occupational Performance

What are the main etiological factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Genetic and neurodevelopmental factors, as well as environmental factors such as prenatal infections, toxins, and advanced parental age.

What is the prognosis for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Highly variable; improves with early intervention in sensory integration, social skills, and communication training.

What are the primary focuses of Occupational Therapy (OT) for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Improve social participation and communication, enhance sensory processing and self-regulation, and develop adaptive/self-care skills.

What are common client factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Impaired social communication, sensory processing dysfunction, restricted/repetitive behaviors, and executive function deficits.

What are some occupational performance limitations for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Difficulty with social participation, challenges in ADLs/IADLs, poor attention, and difficulty adapting to new environments.

What are the etiological factors for Intellectual Disability (ID)?

Genetic/chromosomal conditions, prenatal factors, perinatal complications, postnatal brain injury, and unknown causes.

How does the severity of Intellectual Disability affect prognosis?

Mild ID may allow for supported employment and community living, while moderate to severe ID requires lifelong support.

What are the primary focuses of Occupational Therapy for individuals with Intellectual Disabilities?

Improve attention, organization, executive functioning, and develop self-regulation and impulse control.

What are common client factors associated with Intellectual Disabilities?

Global cognitive impairment, language and communication delays, fine/gross motor delays, and social/emotional immaturity.

What are some occupational performance limitations for individuals with Intellectual Disabilities?

Limitations in self-care, money management, safety awareness, and reduced independence in community mobility.

What are the etiological factors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Genetic predisposition, neurobiological differences, environmental factors, and psychosocial influences.

What is the prognosis for individuals with ADHD?

Symptoms may persist into adulthood, but individuals can function successfully with OT and behavioral support.

What are the primary focuses of Occupational Therapy for ADHD?

Promote independence in ADLs/IADLs, support skill development, and enhance participation in education and work.

What are common client factors associated with ADHD?

Inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, poor executive functions, and emotional dysregulation.

What are some occupational performance limitations for individuals with ADHD?

Difficulty sustaining attention, impaired organization, challenges with social interaction, and struggles in academic performance.

What are the multifactorial causes of Substance Abuse Disorders?

Biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors including genetic predisposition and trauma.

What is the prognosis for individuals with Substance Abuse Disorders?

Varies by substance type and severity; improved with early intervention and strong social support.

What role does Occupational Therapy play in Substance Abuse Disorders?

Promotes relapse prevention through occupational balance and meaningful engagement.

What are common client factors associated with Substance Abuse Disorders?

Cognitive impairments, emotional instability, and physical health complications from long-term use.

What are the common limitations in occupational performance due to altered values and beliefs?

Neglect of personal hygiene, difficulty managing finances, absenteeism, limited leisure activities, and strained social relationships.

What is the focus of occupational therapy interventions for individuals with reduced motivation?

Developing healthy routines, coping strategies, stress management, enhancing life skills, and fostering meaningful activities.

What are the key strategies for occupational therapy in supporting individuals with substance use issues?

Establishing daily schedules, teaching stress management techniques, using motivational interviewing, and employing CBT-based activities.

What are the three categories of personality disorders based on behavior?

Odd/Eccentric, Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic, and Anxious/Fearful.

What are the characteristics of Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders?

Includes Paranoid PD and Schizoid PD, often involving genetic vulnerability and early attachment issues.

What is the prognosis for individuals with Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders?

Chronic course with limited insight and often resistant to therapy; better outcomes with structured support.

What are the occupational performance limitations for individuals with Paranoid PD?

Avoidance of social settings, difficulty with teamwork, and poor relationship maintenance.

What is a key focus for occupational therapy with clients exhibiting Odd/Eccentric behaviors?

Establishing trust and providing clear structure in therapy sessions.

What are the characteristics of Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic Personality Disorders?

Includes Antisocial PD and Narcissistic PD, often linked to genetic and environmental factors.

What is the prognosis for individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Often poor insight and low treatment compliance; risk for legal and relationship problems.

What are the occupational performance limitations for individuals with Narcissistic PD?

Instability in roles, interpersonal conflict, and neglect of responsibilities due to self-centered focus.

What is the focus of occupational therapy interventions for Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic behaviors?

Promoting appropriate social behavior, developing empathy, and encouraging accountability.

What are the characteristics of Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders?

Includes Avoidant PD and Dependent PD, often resulting from overprotective upbringing and learned helplessness.

What is the prognosis for individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder?

Moderate improvement with therapy, especially through social confidence training and gradual exposure.

What are the occupational performance limitations for individuals with Dependent PD?

Difficulty maintaining roles and responsibilities due to high anxiety and low self-esteem.

What is a key focus for occupational therapy with clients exhibiting Anxious/Fearful behaviors?

Empowerment and skill-building to improve self-esteem and social participation.

What strategies can be used for clients with Paranoid PD in occupational therapy?

Use straightforward communication, avoid surprises, and focus on structured tasks.

How can occupational therapy support clients with Schizoid PD?

Introduce social activities gradually and use creative media for self-expression.

What behavioral approaches can be used for clients with Antisocial PD?

Establish clear boundaries, consistent expectations, and natural consequences.

What client-centered approaches can be utilized for Narcissistic PD?

Emphasize strengths while promoting realistic self-appraisal and cooperative tasks.

What cognitive factors may impair occupational performance?

Fear of rejection, self-doubt, and dependence on reassurance.

What emotional factors can affect an individual's functioning?

Anxiety and hypersensitivity to criticism.

What behavioral patterns are associated with Avoidant and Dependent personality disorders?

Avoidance of new situations and excessive reliance on others.

How does low assertiveness impact social participation?

It leads to poor decision-making autonomy and social withdrawal.

What is a key focus of occupational therapy interventions for clients with anxiety?

Building self-efficacy, confidence, and autonomy.

What strategies can be used for clients with Avoidant Personality Disorder?

Graded exposure to social situations and focus on success-oriented activities.

What is the prognosis for Bipolar I disorder?

It is a lifelong condition characterized by episodic mania and depression.

What neurotransmitter imbalances are associated with Bipolar I disorder?

Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

What are common client factors in Bipolar I disorder?

Intense mania, irritability, distractibility, poor judgment, and impulsivity.

What occupational performance limitations are typical for individuals with Major Depressive Disorder?

Reduced self-care, low productivity, and withdrawal from social participation.

What is a common intervention focus for clients with Major Depressive Disorder?

Increasing motivation and participation in daily life.

What are the key client factors in Anxiety Disorders?

Impaired emotional regulation, intrusive thoughts, and compulsive behaviors.

What is the role of occupational therapy in managing trauma-related disorders?

Emotional regulation, coping strategies, and safe routines.

What are the primary symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and negative symptoms like apathy.

What is the prognosis for schizophrenia?

Chronic but functional improvement is possible with medication and therapy.

What are common occupational performance limitations in schizophrenia?

Difficulty with goal-directed activity, social interaction, and self-care.

What strategies can be used to support clients with Bipolar II disorder?

Regulating mood fluctuations and developing balanced activity levels.

What are the common cognitive factors in Bipolar II disorder?

Distractibility, indecision, and low motivation.

What is a common intervention strategy for clients with anxiety?

Introduce graded exposure to feared situations.

What are the emotional symptoms associated with Major Depressive Disorder?

Persistent sadness and hopelessness.

What are the physical symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Sleep disturbances and fatigue.

What is the focus of occupational therapy for clients with mood disorders?

Mood stabilization through structured daily routines.

What is a common approach for managing impulsivity in clients with mood disorders?

Using cognitive-behavioral therapy to address poor judgment.

What are the social participation challenges faced by individuals with Bipolar II disorder?

Intermittent social engagement and difficulty maintaining relationships.

What is a key intervention for clients with trauma-related disorders?

Psychoeducation about trauma responses.

What are the common occupational performance limitations in clients with anxiety disorders?

Avoidance of activities that trigger anxiety and impaired social interaction.

What are the common behavioral symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?

Withdrawal, decreased motivation, and fatigue.

What are the physical symptoms of Bipolar I disorder during depressive phases?

Fatigue and sleep disruptions.

What is the focus of occupational therapy for clients with schizophrenia?

Symptom management and emotional regulation.

What are the key client factors in trauma and stress-related disorders?

Hyperarousal, intrusive memories, and emotional dysregulation.

What is the role of structured routines in occupational therapy for mood disorders?

To maintain rhythm and stability.

What are the common cognitive deficits in schizophrenia?

Impaired attention, memory, and executive functioning.