Definitions (Water Soluble)

Fortified 

Nutrients that were not originally present or barely present are added during processing

Enrichment

a type of fortification, putting something lost during processing back in

Beriberi

1. lack of thiamine, affecting the nervous and cardiovascular system

   1. Wet - severe edema in arms/legs (swelling). Heart and lung problems. Cardiovascular.

   2. Dry - severe muscle wasting/weakness, neuropathy. Nervous.

   3. Infantile - thiamin deficiency from mother’s breastmilk, resulting in cardiac arrest in infants

   4. Cerebral - poor muscle control and paralysis of eye muscles, associated with alcohol abuse

Ariboflavinosis

lack of riboflavins

1. Cheilosis - sores around the mouth/lips

2. Stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth and lips

Glottis - enlarged/inflamed tongue, no taste buds

Pellagra

1. D-disease. Niacin deficiency - rough skin that darkens

   1. D-disease - Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

Hartnup disorder

impairs tryptophan, secondary niacin deficiency. A genetic metabolic disorder during infancy that impairs the absorption of AA

Neural tube defect

1. ack of folate. Malformation where neural tissue does not form properly in fetal development

   1. Anencephaly - infant is born without major portion of the brain

   2. Spina bifida - spine does not form properly

Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

condition where RBC are large and immature due to folate or B12 deficiency

Pernicious anemia

body being unable to absorb enough vitamin B12 from the small intestine, which leads to a lack of red blood cells

Scurvy

 condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Bleeding gums, bruising, poor wound healing, skin irritations

How much major minerals and what are characterisitics

1. Major minerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day and play critical structural and regulatory roles in the body

2. Characteristics

   1. More than trace

   2. Involved with fluid balance, bone structure, nerve signalling

   3. Absorbed by SI. Bioavailability is dependent on the nutritional status of the individual

   4. Has deficiencies and toxicities 

How much trace minerals do you need and what are characteristics?

1. Trace minerals are required in amounts less than 100 mg/day but are essential for numerous enzymatic and metabolic processes

2. Charateristics

   1. Key components of enzymes and hormones

   2. Absorbed well and regularly, but pairings must occur for them to be usable

   3. Only a little needed = easier to reach toxicity

1. Vitamins are organic compounds required in —- amounts to maintain normal physiological functions

1. trace

1. The two main categories of vitamins are —-and —- soluble vitamins

water, fat

Vitamins function primarily as biological —-to facilitate metabolic reactions

coenzymes

1. —- in vitamins can lead to —-conditions, while excessive intake can cause —-

1. Deficiencies

2. health

3. toxicity

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary —- and stored in the —-and ——

1. fats

2. liver

3. adipose tissue

Water-soluble vitamins are generally excreted in the —-, reducing the risk of —-

urine

toxicity

Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause —- if consumed in excess

toxicity

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the——-

1. small intestine

After absorption, they are incorporated into —— and transported through the——system

chylomicrons

lymphatic

Because they are stored, deficiencies develop more ——than for water-soluble vitamins

slowly