APUSH: VOCAB UNIT 4: 11th

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

these people both ran for the Democratic-Republican nomination in 1800; received equal number of votes from Electoral College; JEFFERSON WON; Hamilton swallowed pride and supported Jefferson bc he thought Burr was a murdered; Hamilton later MURDERED BY BURR

12th Amendment

changed the process of presidential election to election by party tickets (VP

Party ticket

method of electing VP

Midnight appointments

super last minute appointments from Adams; Adams was mad Jefferson won the presidency so he did these then left before the inauguration ceremony

Marbury vs. Madison

1803 supreme court case; William Marbury (last minute appointment of Adams) sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench; Marshall’s decision in this case ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW; court ruled that Marbury had a right to his judgeship but it couldn’t be enforced

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice that ruled on Marbury vs. Madison, his decision ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW

Judicial review

the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase

major accomplishment of Jefferson’s first term; Monroe was only supposed to buy New Orleans for $2 mil and bought all of Louisiana for $15 mil; BUY FOR UNRESTRICTED TRADE; decision to purchase without congressional approval raised issues

Essex Junto

group that planned to secede from the United States; plan never fully accomplished; asked Aaron Burr to be leader

Lewis and Clark

explorers sent by Jefferson to investigate Western territories, including a lot of the Louisiana territories; FAVORABLE REPORTS made other EXPLORERS TURN WEST in search of land, riches, and economic opportunities; also reported on presence of British and French forts

War of 1812

fought about British violation of US maritime rights during Napoleonic Wars; BRITISH IMPRESSMENT OF US SOLDIERS; WAR HAWKS FOR war, FEDERALISTS AGAINST war; ended with TREATY OF GHENT and British gave up NW, established clear boundaries between eastern Canada and the US; US WON

impressment

recruitment by force; could be from other countries

Embargo Act of 1807

law that shut down America’s import and export business with DISASTROUS ECONOMIC RESULTS; New England’s economy collapsed -\> SMUGGLING; led to Democratic Republicans losing many congressional seats in 1808 election

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

reopened trade with most nations after Embargo Act of 1809; still officially BANNED TRADE with BRITAIN AND FRANCE

James Madison

4th US pres, “Father of Constitution”, wrote Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Federalist Papers; SOUGHT SOLUTION TO TRADE ISSUES -\> Macon’s Bill \#2; THEN agreed to cut off trade with England for French Alliance

Macon’s Bill \#2

bill that reopened trade with both France and England; Congress’s response to Madison looking for SOLUTION TO TRADE ISSUES; then Madison went rogue and pitted France and England against each other

War Hawks

southern and western british who saw war as an opportunity to grab new territories to the W + SW; leaders were Henry Clay and John C Calhoun; helped get US to declare War; mad about humiliation and economic injuries from Napoleonic Wars

Henry Clay

speaker of the house, JQA secretary of state; presented OMNIBUS BILL; eventually split up by Stephen Douglas; liked BANKS AND TARIFFS

Tecumseh

great chief that unified area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois; PROPHET BROTHER

Prophet

led extensive revival of traditional native American culture and religion; his coalition fell apart after he was killed in battle; TECUMSEH BROTHER

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done

American manufacturing

spurred by war of 1812

American System

the system that was supposed to protect the American economy through a TARIFF that would make AMERICAN PRODUCED GOODS CHEAPER, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other infrastructure

Era of Good Feelings

post 1812 war sense of optimism and vindication; 1815-1825; MONROE PRESIDENCY

McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819

Maryland DIDN’T LIKE NATIONAL BANK bc of COMPETITION with the STATE BANK; Maryland TAXED the national bank-basically taxed federal gov; Supreme court ruled that states CANNOT TAX FED GOV -\> Supreme court acknowledged that the bank was created legally so states can’t stop it; FED \> STATE

Panic of 1819

start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the second Bank of the United States; causes \= decline in cotton and requirement of hard currency for land purchases

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Marbury wants his money for being a judge, secretary of state can't say we don't need your services; Court: law that appointed him as a judge was unconstitutional; EX. JUDICIAL REVIEW

John Quincy Adams

an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States, a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives; HELPED WITH TREATY OF GHENT TO END WAR OF 1812

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe issues a warning to European countries to STAY OUT OF AFFAIRS OF US; says that we will stay out of European affairs; Monroe felt comfortable enough internationally to threaten other countries

Truman Doctrine

this doctrine, delivered at the end of WW2 established that the US would provide political, military and economic ASSISTANCE to ALL DEMOCRATIC NATIONS under THREAT FROM ANY AUTHORITARIAN FORCE

Missouri Compromise

Missouri \= SLAVE, Maine \= FREE, 36'30” line was established as the dividing line regarding slavery for the remainder of the Louisiana Territory; ISSUES \= balance slave + non slave; future of slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory

Election of 1824

major turning point in presidential election; BEFORE: electoral college was chosen by variety of methods; AFTER: majority of states let voters pick electoral college directly

Congressional caucuses

groups of US Congressman that chose their parties’ nominees and electors prior to 1824, often because of NEPOTISM

Demise of the caucus system

resulted from the opposition from JQA, CLay, and Jackson -\> said caucuses WERE NOT DEMOCRATIC

“Corrupt bargain”

Jackson thought Clay and JQA conspired to get JQA in the white house and Clay in the State Department

States’ rights

according to the supremacy clause, states didn’t have the right to nullify or declare federal law unconstitutional, states tested the waters by pushing this boundary and nullifying laws anyway

Democratic Party

the oldest existing political party in that country; founded in the 1830s and 1840s; used to be party of “COMMON MAN”; founded by JACKSON and Van Buren; OPPOSITION OF WHIGS

Coffin Handbill

accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian wars; smear campaign

Spoils system

practice of trading jobs for political favors; a case of “to the victor goes the spoils”

Jacksonian Democracy

this style of gov focused on UNIVERSAL WHITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE; REPLACED JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANISM which had conceived a nation governed by middle and upper class educated land owners

Universal white manhood suffrage

extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property

Indian Removal Act

allowed Jackson to negotiate with native Americans; he promised to get them to move so America could settle farther west

Proclamation of 1763

a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide; prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War

French and Indian War (aka 7 years war)

a conflict between France and Great Britain that lasted from 1754 to 1763. It's known as the Seven Years War because most of the fighting took place in the seven-year period between 1756 and 1765; BRITISH WON

Trail of Tears

Native Americans were held at gunpoint and forced to move West

Doctrine of Nullification

if state judged federal law unconstitutional, then they could ignore it; CALHOUN’s idea and they used this in 1828

Judicial review

determine the constitutionality of Federal and state laws, actions, etc.

Tariff of 1828 (aka Tariff of Abomination)

raised imported goods by 40%; Calhoun called Tariff of Abominations

Wildcat banks

unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency to lend to speculators

John C Calhoun

VP under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and NULLIFICATION

Tariff of 1832

poorly written tariff leads SC to threaten Disunion; Calhoun supports SC and Andrew Jackson sees this threat as very dangerous; CALHOUN is sitting VP and WROTE TARIFF

Force Bill

authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; SC's ordinance of nullification declared these tariffs void, and SC would not collect duties on them

Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

Henry Clay uses influence to get bill through congress, Jackson vetoes it, Henry Clay wants to be elected as president and runs for president against Jackson in 1832, People are lining up against Jackson

“Pet” banks

term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States

Specie Circular

ended the policy of selling gov land on credit -\> NEEDED CASH -\> money shortage and Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837

financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major depression, which lasted until the mid-1840s; worsened by Van Buren and the lack of national bank; bc of Specie Circular and economic growth + inflation

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831

Uses ability to go between plantations to plot rebellion; is minister; Leads to murdering of 56 white inhabitants of this area; Slaves took advantage of planter thinking they were dumb

Slave codes

laws passed by southern slaves to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling; forbade slaves to gather in groups of 3+ and couldn't leave their owner's land without a written pass

Whigs

Anti-Jackson party, for the BUS, HIGH TARIFFS to protect manufacturers, Government spending for internal improvements, PRO BUSINESS, Will SPLIT OVER SLAVERY

activism

the vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change; commonly focused on women’s rights or racial inequality

Martin Van Buren

8th president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life; passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system -\> Divorce bill separated bank and gov

William Henry Harrison

an American military leader, politician, 9th president of the US and 1st President to die in office; death -\> brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment; led US forces in the BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

John Tyler

Virginian Whig who served as William Henry Harrison's VP until his death in 1841 -\> pres; signed a tariff bill helping northern manufacturers; finished annexation fo Texas

Market economy

economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

Boom-and-bust cycles

ACCELERATING GROWTH followed by a CRASH and then DEPRESSION -\> PANIC + ANXIETY partly leading to religious revivals; inevitable part of market economy

Elit Whitney

created COTTON GIN and interchangeable parts -\> MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY AND ASSEMBLY LINE PRODUCTION

Machine-tool industry

produced specialized machines for growing industries like textiles + transportation; POSSIBLE BC WHITNEY

Power loom

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side with the spinning machines in factories; allowed thread and finished fabric to be manufactured in one factory quickly + efficiently

Samuel Slater

”Father of American Industrial Revolution”; designed first American TEXTILE Mills

Lowell system (aka waltham system)

guaranteed employees housing in respectable chaperoned boarding houses, cash wages, and participation in social and cultural mill events; let young women work and send money home

Clothing manufacturers

located primarily in the NE, these factories transformed textiles into finished products

retailers

sold clothing and other manufactured products in their stores

brokers

acted as middlemen, buying and selling raw and finished products and trafficking them among manufacturers and retailers

Commercial banks

lent money to everyone so the wheels of commerce stayed well greased

Transportation industry

grew as a result of the need to ship these and other products across the country

Market Revolution

development of a modern, integrated economy in the US; stimulated improvements in TRANSPORTATION; MANUFACTURING (Industrialization); and AGRICULTURE

NE Market Revolution

focused on manufacturing, “The American System”

Old NW (current Midwest) Market Revolution

focused on corn and wheat; iron and steel plows, mechanical reapers, etc.

S Market Revolution

focused on cotton

National Road

road from Maryland to W Virginia (and ultimately to central Ohio); made E-W travel easier but the big change came with the completion of the Erie Canal

Erie Canal

linked W farms and E manufacturing; in NY; funded entirely by State of NY, linked Great Lakes and NY and thus to European Shipping routes; NE IS CENTER OF COMMERCE

Transportation Revolution

Better roads made moving and expansion easier; steamships, railroads (needed same gauge)

telegraph

this invention allowed for immediate long distance communication for the first time; used morse code

Manifest Destiny

idea that it is America's right and fate to overspread the continent + West

Texas

at one point was an independent country + republic; EXAMPLE OF MANIFEST DESTINY; used to be mexico and became US

Battle of Alamo 1836

part of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican state of Texas won independence and became a self-governing republic: Texas

Oregon Territory

NW territory full of settlers; lots of native americans before Americans; Polk administration eventually settled the territorial dispute over this region by signing a treaty with England

Gold Rush

discovery of Gold in California attracted 100k within 2 years; used Oregon Trail

North 1800-1850

being INDUSTRIALIZED; technological advances in communications, transportation, industry, banking; farming and slavery were less common in this region

South 1800-1850

remained very AGRARIAN; chief crops were tobacco and cotton; needed lots of acres; looking for MORE LAND -\> WEST; fought for slavery to keep slavery legal

Western 1800-1850

focused on COMMERCIAL FARMING, FUR TRAPPING, REAL ESTATE SPECULATION; distrusted Northerners (bc of powerful banks); avoid slavery issue but WEST IRONICALLY LED TO CIVIL WAR ISSUES

Middle Class

tradesman, brokers and other professionals; worked to reach plateau at which women could stay home rather than work

Cult of domesticity

notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children; author devoted to this was Lydia Maria Child; wrote The American Frugal Housewife; Child was abolitionist and promoted women’s rights

Working class

members of middle class often rose from this class where men worked in factories or low paying jobs and women worked at home with sewing

Immigration waves

new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty; in 18402-502 IRELAND -\> NORTH, GERMANY -\> WEST

Southern paternalism

idea that slavery benefited all participants including slaves

yeomen

landholders that sometimes had a few enslaved people, worked on smalls tracts of land with their families

Landless whites

poor people who farmed as tenants or hired themselves our as manual laborers

Free Blacks

descendants of slaves that were free

Forty-Niners

gold rush settlers who went to california in 1849