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Distress/Disability

Significant personal suffering or impaired functioning.

Deviation from norms

Behavior violates societal expectations.

Maladaptiveness

Interferes with daily life or goals.

DSM-5 Criteria

Dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.

Clinical Assessment

Interviews, observations, psychological tests.

Differential Diagnosis

Rule out similar conditions.

Medical Evaluation

Exclude physical causes.

DSM-5

Focuses on mental disorders.

ICD-11

Includes all health conditions.

Commonalities

Standardized criteria, symptom checklists, coding systems.

Pros of Diagnosing

Guides treatment, validates experience, aids communication/research.

Cons of Diagnosing

Stigma, labeling, overmedicalization, risk of misdiagnosis.

MDD Symptoms

≥5 symptoms for 2 weeks (e.g., depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, insomnia, fatigue, guilt, suicidal thoughts).

PDD Symptoms

Chronic depression (≥2 years in adults) with mild but persistent symptoms (e.g., low energy, poor self-esteem).

Biological Causes of Depression

Genetics, serotonin/norepinephrine imbalance.

Evolutionary Causes of Depression

Energy conservation, social signaling.

Learned Helplessness

A behavioral explanation for depression.

Negative Cognitive Triad

A cognitive explanation for depression (Beck).

Sociocultural Explanation

Poverty, discrimination, cultural stressors.

Biopsychosocial Model

Combines biological vulnerability, psychological stress, and social context.

Diathesis-Stress

Yes (genetic predisposition + environmental triggers).

Mania

Severe, impairing (e.g., grandiosity, risky behavior).

Hypomania

Milder, no significant impairment.

Type I Bipolar Disorder

Full mania + major depression.

Type II Bipolar Disorder

Hypomania + major depression (no full mania).

Schizophrenia Symptoms

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal behavior, negative symptoms.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences (e.g., hearing voices).

Delusions

Fixed false beliefs (e.g., persecution).

Word Salad

Incoherent speech (e.g., 'Apple runs purple tomorrow').

Catatonia Examples

Excited: Agitated, purposeless movement. Stupor: Motionless, unresponsive.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Hallucinations, delusions.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Apathy, blunted affect, poverty of speech.

Acute vs. Chronic

Acute: Sudden onset, better prognosis. Chronic: Gradual, long-term decline.

Anxiety Disorders Features

Excessive fear, avoidance.

Phobic Disorder Symptoms

Irrational fear, avoidance.

Agoraphobia

Fear of inescapable situations (e.g., crowds, public transport).

Panic Disorder

Recurrent panic attacks: Sudden terror, palpitations, sweating.

Culture-Bound Disorder

Culturally specific (e.g., Ataque de Nervios in Latinos: shouting, trembling).

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of scrutiny. Coincides with agoraphobia? Sometimes.

Taijin Kyofusho

Fear of offending others (Japan).

GAD Symptoms

Chronic, excessive worry + physical symptoms (e.g., restlessness).

Behavioral Explanation of Anxiety

Classical/operant conditioning (avoidance reinforced).

Biological Causes of Anxiety

Genetics, hyperactive amygdala, neurotransmitter imbalance.

Cognitive Explanation of Anxiety

Catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations.

Dissociative Disorders Features

Disruption in identity/memory.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall traumatic events.

Fugue

Sudden travel + amnesia/identity change.

DID Symptoms

≥2 distinct identities, memory gaps.

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

Severe trauma (e.g., childhood abuse).