Child Development Stages: Infants to Adolescents Overview

What is the age range for a newborn?

Birth to first 28 days.

What is the age range for infants?

Birth to 12 months.

What is the average weight of a newborn?

7.5 pounds.

What percentage of weight loss is expected in the first week for newborns?

5-10%.

When do newborns typically regain their birth weight?

By 7-10 days.

How much weight do infants gain per day on average?

Approximately 1 oz or 30g/day.

When do infants typically double their birth weight?

By 4-5 months.

What is the average length of a newborn at birth?

50 cm (20 in).

How much does head circumference increase by 12 months?

10 cm increase.

What are the six states of consciousness in infants?

1. Deep Sleep, 2. Light Sleep, 3. Drowsiness, 4. Quiet Alert State, 5. Active Alert State, 6. Crying.

What is the average respiratory rate for a newborn?

30-60 breaths/min.

What is the average heart rate for a newborn?

120-140 beats/min.

What is the average blood pressure for a newborn?

60/40.

What is the typical stomach capacity of a newborn?

0.5 to 1 oz.

What is acrocyanosis?

Blueness of hands and feet in light-skinned infants; blueness in soles of feet and palms in dark-skinned infants.

What is the psychosocial developmental stage according to Erikson for infants?

Trust Vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year).

What cognitive developmental stage does Piaget associate with infants?

Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years).

What is the typical sight development for newborns?

Nearsighted at birth, recognizes faces by 1 month.

What is the most basic form of communication for infants?

Crying.

At what age do infants typically begin to babble?

Around 9 months.

What is stranger anxiety and when does it begin?

Begins around 9 months of age; infants become clingy and whiny around strangers.

What is the recommended practice for introducing solid foods to infants?

Start around 6 months, introducing one new food every 3 to 5 days.

What is the average sleep duration for newborns?

19 hours per day in 20 to 30 minute stretches.

What is colic in infants?

Inconsolable crying for 3 hours a day, typically resolving around 3 months.

What is the recommended action for thumb-sucking in infants?

Thumb sucking is normal for development, but extended pacifier use can lead to ear infections.

What is the importance of talking to infants?

It is crucial for language development; reading books and telling stories engages them.

What is the typical brain weight of an infant at 6 months?

Weighs ½ of an adult brain.

What is the purpose of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the placenta?

Provides coverage for 3-6 months after birth for antigens the mother was exposed to.

What is the significance of the anterior fontanel in infants?

Typically closes between 12-18 months, but can close as early as 9 months.

What is the average weight gain for toddlers per year?

3-5 lbs (1.36 kg to 2.27 kg)

At what age is the anterior fontanel typically closed?

By 18 months

What is a typical physical appearance of a toddler?

Rounded abdomen, slight swayback, and wide-based stance

What developmental milestone is achieved by 24 months in toddlers?

Completion of myelination leading to improved coordination

What is a common respiratory change in toddlers?

Increased number of alveoli and larger tonsils and adenoids

What is the significance of short eustachian tubes in toddlers?

They make toddlers more susceptible to ear infections

What is the primary focus of Erikson's developmental theory for toddlers?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

What type of play is common among toddlers?

Parallel play, where they play alongside but not with each other

What is the typical vision range for toddlers?

20/40 to 20/50 vision

What is telegraphic speech?

A form of speech where only essential words are used to convey meaning

What is a common fear among toddlers?

Fear of separation from parents

What is the recommended daily sleep duration for toddlers?

12 to 13 hours plus naps

At what age should a child have their first dental visit?

By 1 year old

What is the recommended limit for juice intake for toddlers?

No more than 4 to 6 oz/day

What is the significance of potty training readiness in toddlers?

It is linked to improved sphincter control

What should be avoided to prevent jaw malformation in toddlers?

Sippy cups

What is the leading cause of death in children under age 4?

Drowning

What is the importance of routine for toddlers?

It helps them tolerate separation and understand that reunions will occur

What is echolalia in toddler language development?

Repetition of words without understanding

What should parents do to promote healthy eating habits in toddlers?

Offer new foods multiple times alongside familiar foods

What is the typical heart rate change in toddlers?

Heart rate decreases while blood pressure increases

What is a common emotional response in toddlers during stressful times?

Increased reliance on security items

What is the role of play in toddler development?

It promotes healthy growth and development

What is a significant change in the gastrointestinal system by the end of toddlerhood?

Achieving bowel control

What is the typical kidney function status of toddlers by 16-24 months?

Adult-level kidney function

What is myelination of the spinal cord associated with?

The ability to control sphincters.

What signs indicate a child is ready for potty training?

Regular bowel movements, dry diapers for longer periods, hiding when defecating, willingness to follow caregiver instructions, and showing interest in potty training.

How should caregivers handle a child's negativism?

Avoid yes or no questions and offer options.

What are temper tantrums a natural result of?

Frustration and learning to verbalize feelings.

What can prolonged thumb sucking lead to?

Changes in teeth and jaw structure.

How can caregivers manage thumb sucking and pacifier use?

Set limits for when behaviors are allowed and remain consistent with enforcement.

What is a common behavior of toddlers when a new sibling arrives?

Sibling rivalry, which is naturally egocentric.

What is regression in child development?

Going back to an earlier stage of development, often during times of stress.

What is the typical age range for preschoolers?

3 to 6 years old.

How much do preschoolers grow each year?

2.5 to 3 inches per year.

What physiological change occurs in the nervous system by age 3?

Myelination of the spinal cord is complete.

What developmental milestone is reached regarding bowel and bladder control by age 3?

Control of bowel and bladder.

What is the average weight gain for preschoolers each year?

1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 pounds).

What is the primary focus of Erikson's stage for preschoolers?

Initiative vs. Guilt.

What is a key characteristic of Piaget's Preoperational Substage?

Learning by observing with a short attention span.

What is Kohlberg's view on moral development in preschoolers?

Children associate good and bad behavior with punishments and consequences.

What gross motor skills develop in preschoolers?

Agility in standing, walking, running, jumping, and walking up and down stairs.

What is the language development milestone for a 2-year-old?

50 to 100 words.

What is the language development milestone for a 5-year-old?

Over 2,000 words.

What should parents do to help with a child's speech fluency?

Slow down their speech and give the child time to respond.

What is the impact of reading on a child's development?

Children who are read to are more likely to succeed in life.

What is a recommended practice for promoting healthy growth through play?

Encourage actions and accomplishments and allow children to decide how they want to play.

What are the recommended safety measures for preschoolers?

Use booster seats until 145 cm, avoid second-hand smoke, and ensure supervision during swimming.

What is the recommended daily caloric intake for preschoolers?

85 calories per kg of body weight.

What is a common sleep issue in preschoolers?

Night terrors, which occur within the first 30 minutes of sleep.

What is the appropriate discipline method for preschoolers?

Do not spank; use timeouts of 1 minute per year of age.

What should caregivers understand about lying in preschoolers?

It's important to understand the underlying factors for why a child is lying.

What is an important consideration when discussing sex education with children?

Ensure the explanation is age and developmentally appropriate.

What should children understand about privacy in relation to their bodies?

Children should learn about good and bad touch and who is allowed to touch them.

What is the typical age range for school-age children?

6 to 12 years old.

How much do school-age children typically grow each year?

2 to 2.5 inches per year.

What physiological change occurs in the respiratory system of school-age children?

Fewer respiratory infections and decreased respiratory rate.

What developmental theory describes the stage of 'Industry vs. Inferiority'?

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

At what stage do children start to see things from another's perspective according to Piaget?

Concrete operational stage.

What is a key characteristic of motor skill development in school-age children?

Improved coordination, balance, and rhythm.

What is the recommended amount of sleep for school-age children?

10 hours each night.

What is a common fear for school-age children?

Real fears such as tornadoes or loss of grandparents.

What is the typical age range for adolescents?

11 to 20 years old.

What physiological change occurs in males during puberty?

Increased testosterone and changes in male genitalia.

What is menarche?

The beginning of menstruation, occurring between ages 9 to 15 in females.

What developmental theory describes the stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during adolescence.

What is a significant change in communication skills during adolescence?

Increased use of slang, which can complicate communication with non-peers.

What is a common concern regarding adolescent substance use?

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death.

What is an important aspect of self-care for adolescents?

Daily showers and maintaining dental hygiene.

What is the role of peers in adolescent development?

Peers influence language, attitudes, and behaviors.

What is the importance of family influences on school-age children?

Parents' perceptions of school and academics affect children's performance.