Evolution

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

-Uniformitarianism,

Charles Lyell

\-Proposed Earth was millions of years old instead of thousands of years old

Theory of Evolution

states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival

Carolus Linnaes (1707-1778)

\-first to group similar organisms and assigning them latin names

\-Known as binomial nomenclature

Jean-Batiste Lamarck

-Understood that change occurs over time

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck propose?

proposed the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (NOT TRUE)

-Law of use and Disuse

If a body part is not used the organism will lose it.

Thomas Mathus (1766-1834)

Proposed a theory that resources such as food, water, and shelter were natural limits to population growth.

Types of adaptations

structural, physiological, behavioral

structural adaptation

An inherited physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment.

physical adaptation

A change to an individual's body structure that helps it survive and reproduce

Behavioural adaptation

what an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environment

Proof of evolution

Fossils, Comparative anatomy, Embryological evidence, Biochemical evidence, Geographical evidence

comparative anatomy

The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

analogous anatomical structures

Structures that have similar functions but different bone structure

Homologous Anatomical Structures

structures with similar structure but different function

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

random variation

Natural variation that is present in all processes. Generally, it cannot be influenced by managers.

5 factors that influence evolutionary change

Natural selection, Mutation, gene flow, non randomating

Vistigial Structures

remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor (appendix)

Fitness

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

gene pool

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.

stabalizing selection

favors average version of the trait

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

4 mechanisms of evolution

mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection

genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

bottleneck effect

natural disasters reduce the size of a population nonselectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation.

founders effect (genetic drift)

a few individuals leave a population and create an new population in another area

Mutations

Random errors in gene replication lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides—the source of all genetic diversity.

-most are harmful or neutral

When are mutations passed to offspring?

When the mutation occurs in a sex cell

When are mutations helpful

-Most likely to be helpful in a changing environement

gene flow (migration)

movement of alleles from one population to another

Macroevolution

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

patterns of macroevolution

stasis, exaptation, mass extinction, adaptive radiation, coevolution

adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

stasis (steady state)

Period of time when a species does not change

exaptation

the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification

Coevolution

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

Ponctuated equilibrium

Population evolves quick with no inbetween stages

Speciation

Formation of new species

reproductive isolation

barriers that prevent organisms from breeding:

Morphological

Behavioural

Geographical

prezygotic barriers

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

prezygotic barriers names

Habitat

Mechanical

Seasonal

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

parapatric speciation

speciation pattern in which populations speciate while in contact along a common border

sympatic speciation

species evolves into a new species without any barriers that separate the population

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

-Uniformitarianism,

-Proposed Earth was millions of years old instead of thousands of years old

Theory of Evolution

states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival

Carolus Linnaes (1707-1778)

-first to group similar organisms and assigning them latin names

-Known as binomial nomenclature

Jean-Batiste Lamarck

-Understood that change occurs over time

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck propose?

proposed the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (NOT TRUE)

-Law of use and Disuse

Thomas Mathus (1766-1834)

Proposed a theory that resources such as food, water, and shelter were natural limits to population growth.

Types of adaptations

structural, physiological, behavioral

structural adaptation

An inherited physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment.

physical adaptation

A change to an individual's body structure that helps it survive and reproduce

Behavioural adaptation

what an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environment

Proof of evolution

Fossils, Comparative anatomy, Embryological evidence, Biochemical evidence, Geographical evidence

comparative anatomy

The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

analogous anatomical structures

Structures that have similar functions but different bone structure

Homologous Anatomical Structures

structures with similar structure but different function

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

random variation

Natural variation that is present in all processes. Generally, it cannot be influenced by managers.

5 factors that influence evolutionary change

Vistigial Structures

remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor (appendix)

Fitness

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

gene pool

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.

stabalizing selection

favors average version of the trait

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

4 mechanisms of evolution

mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection

genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

bottleneck effect

natural disasters reduce the size of a population nonselectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation.

founders effect (genetic drift)

a few individuals leave a population and create an new population in another area

Mutations

Random errors in gene replication lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides—the source of all genetic diversity.

-most are harmful or neutral

When are mutations passed to offspring?

When the mutation occurs in a sex cell

When are mutations helpful

-Most likely to be helpful in a changing environement

gene flow (migration)

movement of alleles from one population to another

Macroevolution

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

patterns of macroevolution

stasis, exaptation, mass extinction, adaptive radiation, coevolution

adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

stasis (steady state)

Period of time when a species does not change

exaptation

the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification

Coevolution

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily