Functional Groups - Orgo 1

Alykl

a carbon and hydrogen group. Common example is CH₄

Alcohol Generic Structure

R-OH

R=Alkyl

Alcohol

Primary Alcohol (1⁽⁾)

Carbon is directly connected to oxygen, as well as one additional carbon

Secondary Alcohol (2⁽⁾)

Carbon is directly connected to oxygen, as well as two additional carbons

Tertiary Alcohol (3⁽⁾)

Carbon is directly connected to oxygen, as well as three additional carbons

Ether Generic Structure

R-O-R

R= alkyl, cannot be a hydrogen

Ether

Sulfide Generic Structure

R-S-R

R=alkyl

Sulfide

Thiol Generic Structure

R-SH

R=Alkyl

Thiol

Aromatics

Typically in a ring structure. Benzene included

Ketone Generic Structure

O

| |

/ \

R R

R=alkyl

Ketone

Aldehyde General Structure

O

| |

/ \

H R

R=H, Alkyl

Aldehyde

Carbonyl

one carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Carboxylic acid

has a carbonyl in it, but is not an aldehyde or a ketone

Carboxylic acid structure

Acyl Halide general structure

X= halogen

R= Alkyl

Anhydride generic structure

R= H, Alkyl

Ester generic structure

R= alkyl, not H

R’=alkyl

Amine General Structure

R= H or alkyl

no carbonal

the degree of the amine is based on

how many carbons are directly attached to the N molecule

Amide General Structure

R=H or alkyl

includes carbonyl