The European Middle Ages

answer with Terms

DARK AGES

410 CE to 1066 CE, __early middle ages,__ **Rise of Barbarians,** Monasteries became centers of education, __Romanesque Architectural Style__

MIDDLE AGES

 1066 CE to 1453 CE, Marked by the **Crusades, Feudalism and the Plague,** Lasting Political Ideas- the Magna Carta and Parliament, __Gothic Architecture Style__ 

Political, economic, spiritual, and cultural force

The Christian Church became an important ___, ____, _____, and ____ ____ in Europe.

Pope and Patriarch      

Leading officials were

1054

Great Schism occurred in

small kingdoms developed across Europe

The Roman Empire dissolved then,

Franks

**controlled** the largest and strongest **kingdom in the former Roman province of Gaul**

Clovis

Franks’ first Christian king was _____

invaded and conquered of parts modern France, northwest Germany, and low countries

asked the bishops for support to govern the land by converting to Christianity

he divided the territory among his four sons, which they destroyed its unity by fighting, and the power fell into chief officials

What happened after Clovis died?

Charles Martel

About 200 years after Clovis died, ________ _______ rose to power and established reforms

prevented Muslim takeover in Europe

Pepin the Short

continued reforms and established the Carolingian Dynasty 

provided protection to fight off the Lombards in exchange the pope made him king, he and his heirs had more authority in Europe

Papal states

The Roman Church called the new lands

CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY

dynasty formed to protect the papacy and establish that the pope and bishops make kings

Charlemagne

After his brothers’ death, ____________ quickly seized control of the entire kingdom

CHARLEMAGNE

Named **Holy Roman Emperor** by Pope Leo III in __**800 CE**__ **on Christmas**

__First Ruler of the (Holy Roman Empire) HRE__

Imposed order throughout the Church and the state

Ordered standardization throughout the empire

**marked the revival of arts and education in Europe**

united Germanic Kingdoms

converted Germanic people to Christianity through military campaigns and alliance with the Church of Rome

Doubled the size of the empire and led his army and conquered near by territories

What did Charlemagne do for the Germanic kingdoms?

Charlemagne being crowned by the pope showed that church and state were combined- Pope had religious and political power   

Why was Charlemagne being crowed the pope significant?

divided the Charlemagne empire into 3 parts- west, east, and middle

Treaty of Verdum

Charlemagne had a great push on available education, more people could read and write, preserve Greek and Roman Philosophy.

How did Charlemagne reshape European society (education)?

Carolingian Dynasty declined after his death, his provisions did not last because his heirs were not good rulers, in the early 800s and **feudalism became important**

What happened to the Carolingian dynasty after Charlemagne died? (hint: what was now important)

ANGLES

a tribe that had invaded England

“land of the Angles”

 Alfred the Great and his successors united England- called English Shores

heir

In 1042, King Edward the Confessor took the throne but died without an _____, struggle for the throne began and led to one last invasion

William the Conqueror from Normandy

Invader of the English Shores and where they were from

NORMANDY

region in France

William

King Edward’s cousin, _________ claimed the English crown and invaded England with his Norman army

Harold Godwinson

the Anglo-Saxon claiming the throne

Battle of the Hastings

the battle fought in Oct of 1066 by the Normans and Saxons that changed the course of English history; **the Normans/William the Conqueror won**

marked end of early middle ages + start of feudalism in Europe

Battle of the Hastings importance

Feudalism

system __based on rights and obligations__

**In exchange for military protection, a lord granted land to a vassal**

Vikings

Carolingian Dynasty was destroyed by invaders such as the

s: narrative, legend, or myth telling of a hero’s deeds

d: saga is from Scandinavia, epic is from Rome

similarities between epic and saga

Norsemen

Vikings set sail from __Scandinavia,__ known as Northmen or __________

800s

Vikings came to Europe in the

Helmets, swords, and heavy shields would strike quickly in towns and then leave as fast as they could

Viking armor and tactic

DRAKKEN

ships used by vikings to raid and plunder villages; could hold lots of men

FJORD

long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea

traders, farmers, and explorers

**Vikings were also**

Vikings gradually accepted Christianity and stopped raiding monasteries, better farming in Scandinavia, fewer men adopted sea life of vikings

Why did Vikings begin to fade in Europe?

rights and obligations

Feudal system based on

land, the more land the more power

main part of the Feudal system was

military protection

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**In exchange for ________ _________, a lord granted land to a vassal**

LORD

landowner

FIEF

land given by a lord to a vassal

VASSAL

person receiving a fief/given land in return for services

PRIMOGENITURE

inheritance of a fief only by the oldest son

Pope/Church, Monarch, Nobles, Knights, Vassals, Merchants, Framers, Craftsmen, Peasants, Serfs

Feudal Pyramid (highest to lowest position, left to right)

Status determined prestige and power, Social class was inherited, the vast majority of people we peasants, and most peasants were serfs

Aspects of Feudal Social Classes

SERFS

people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born

slaves

Serfs were not _______ - lords could not sell or buy them

MANOR

lord’s estate

housing, farmland, and protection

Vassals provided serfs with ____, _____, ______, in return, Serfs tended the land and maintain the estate

All peasants- serf or not- owed a lord certain duties

land

**The Lord controlled everything that happened on his _____**

manor

Peasants rarely traveled from their own ______

lord, village priest

Peasants paid high taxes to the ______ to live and the __________

TITHE

church tax representing 1/10th of income

35

**Life for serfs was work and more work, so the average life expectancy was __ years(lack of health and hygeine)**

Heresy

Serfs accepted their life as part of the Church’s teachings (if they didn’t obey they would be committing ______ )

HERESY

the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

INQUISITION

church efforts to eliminate Heresy

INTERDICT

church’s punishment of an entire region by withholding some sacrament

knights

Feudal lords used private armies of _______ to defend their territories

fiefs

Knights received ___( land given by a Vassal), wealth from _____ allowed knights to pay for weapons and armor

**CHIVALRY**

code of the Knights; a complex set of ideals; a knight must be loyal to his lord, brave in battle, courteous and merciful to his enemies, and generous to the poor and helpless

Page, squire, knight

stages of knight hood

**loyal, brave, and courteous**

3 qualities of a ideal knight

fighting local wars

Young knights gained experience in ____ ___ ____ or at tournaments

TOURNAMENT

chivalrous competition or mock battle

TROUBADOURS

traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe; wrote poems and songs recounting a hero’s deeds and adventures; became popular

Feudal society believed women were inferior to men, noblewomen had some power, but their lives were limited, Peasant women performed endless labor at home and in fields

Women in Feudal Society

Peasant women's contribution was key for survival, without the agreement to be at the bottom and do the work, the system would collapse

Why were peasant and servent women so important to the society?

the Church emerged as a powerful institution and shaped the lives of people from all social classes. The Church expanded its political role, but people began to question the pope’s authority. Power struggles unfolded between Popes and emperors.

what was the Church’s position in Feudal Europe? what was the view on the Churches political involment?

status

The Church and Monarchs in Europe competed for power and the Church had a power structure that was based on _______

The pope was influenced by the religious devotion and reverence for God shown by new monasteries

Why did the pope reform the Church?

1. **Priests Marrying(they married anyway)**
2. **Simony(bribery for church positions/purchase of church positions)**
3. **Bishop Appointment(lay investure)**

**3 main issues reformed:**

SIMONY

practice of selling Church poistions (bribery)

lay investure

appointment of a bishop by someone **who is not a member of the clergy**

**Francis of Assisi**

founded the **Franciscan** Order of Friars

founder of a preaching order of Monks

Martyred

killed for your beliefs

Concordat of Worms

compromise reached by Henry V and Pope Calixtus II, allowing the king to invest a bishop with worldly symbols of his office and give him land; **weakened the power of kings to place an ally in an important Church position**

DARK, built between 800 and 1000, round arches and thick walls and pillars, tiny windows, **scare people into believing in God**

Romanesque Style Cathedrals (BEFORE), built, aspects, how people felt?

LIGHT, Came to be in the 1100s, built with pointed roofs as if reaching towards heaven, **stained glass**, **meant to inspire people to believe in God, not intimidate like before**

Gothic Style Cathedrals, built, aspects, how people felt?

dedicate their lives to God

people joined monasteries to…

Secular Clergy

Everyone in the Medieval Church was a member, and Priests, Bishops, and the Pope made up the

MONASTICISM

system of monasteries and convents in which Christians withdrew from the world to lead a life of prayer, fasting, and self denial

Benedictine rule

set of rules created by Benedict to regulate monk lives

ABBOT

head of monastery

Byzantine Emperor

In 1095, the ______ ______ contacted Pope Urban II about a military threat against Constantinople and Muslim control of Jerusalem

Muslim Turks

Pope Urban II called for a  crusade against the ____ *_______*

CRUSADE

Holy war

CRUSADER

christian soldier who fought to free the holy land from, Muslim Turks in the Middle Ages. The **word means “carrier of the cross”**

1096

**Spring and summer of ____, armies of Crusaders departed from Western Europe for Constantinople.**

1099

**On July 17, _____, Crusaders captured Jerusalem after a long and costly siege**

Saladin

Christians lost Edessa and Jerusalem to ________; Muslim leader during the Crusades.

Christians believed they were fighting in the name of Jesus to take back the place of his birth from the infidels    

\
Perspective of the Crusaders: Christian

Muslims believe they were defending land that was theirs, from their perspective, Christians were the invaders

Perspective of the Crusaders: Muslim

INFIDEL

a person who follows a religion other than one’s own

moors

Muslims in Spain (_____) were driven out in the Reconquista

RECONQUISTA

long-term effort by the Spanish to drive Muslims out of Spain

**1.       Thousands left their homes and traveled**

**2.       Women had a chance to manage the affairs at home**

**3.       European merchants expanded trade routes**

**4.       Failure of later Crusades lessened power of the Pope**

**5.       Crusades weakened Feudal nobility**

**6.       For Muslims, intolerance and prejudice left behind a legacy of bitterness and hatred**

**6 major effects of the Crusades:**