Memory Models and Cognitive Psychology

Flashcards covering key concepts of memory models, cognitive psychology, and cognitive biases.

What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

It is a model devised by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) that conceptualizes the processes for encoding and storing memories through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

What are the three storage units in the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM).

How is information encoded in the Sensory Register?

Environmental stimuli are encoded as echoic memory (sounds) and iconic memory (images), held for a fraction of a second.

What is the duration and capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

The capacity of STM is 7 items, plus or minus two, and its duration is up to around 30 seconds.

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A shallow form of rehearsal that involves repeating information verbally to keep it available, such as saying 'Don't forget to buy milk'.

What is elaborate rehearsal?

A deep form of rehearsal that involves learning information in several ways, such as repetition and re-framing, to ensure it is embedded in long-term memory.

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Metaphorically a vast storage system for memories, with capacities and durations that may be limitless.

What did Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) demonstrate regarding STM?

They showed that prevention of rehearsal erodes the recency effect in short-term memory.

What is the purpose of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

It was devised by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) to provide a more dynamic and flexible model of short-term memory.

What are the components of the Working Memory Model?

The Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer.

How does the Central Executive function in the WMM?

It acts as a command center, deciding which tasks to assign to specific slave systems.

What is the Phonological Loop?

It organizes acoustic information and consists of a phonological store and an articulatory control system.

What does the Visuospatial Sketchpad do?

It organizes visual and spatial information, such as the arrangement of objects.

What is the function of the Episodic Buffer?

It communicates between long-term memory and the slave systems of working memory, organizing information into packets.

What is a schema?

A mental representation of knowledge based on a person's prior experiences, which can include scripts for events.

What is the effect of schemas on memory recall?

Schemas may distort memory, leading to recall biased by pre-existing beliefs or misconceptions.

What is an Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS)?

A self-schema formed in childhood that affects self-image, and it can lead to mental disorders.

What is Flashbulb Memory?

An emotional memory triggered by shocking or significant events, thought to be more vivid and lasting than typical memories.

What did Brown & Kulik (1977) propose about Flashbulb Memories?

They suggested that FBMs are emotionally important and encoded as detailed, long-lasting memories.

What study challenged the accuracy of Flashbulb Memories?

Talarico & Rubin (2003) found that FBMs lose accuracy over time, despite high confidence in their reliability.

What is the Just-World Hypothesis?

A cognitive bias assuming that the world is fair, leading to victim-blaming.

What study investigated the Just-World Hypothesis?

Piliavin et al. (1969) found that victim characteristics affected whether help was given.