Sport Science

ATP-PC System

Provides immediate energy for short bursts (0-10 sec) by utilizing stored ATP and phosphocreatine.

Lactic Acid System

Breaks down glucose anaerobically for ATP production during moderate-duration activities (10 sec–2 min), producing lactic acid.

Aerobic System

Uses oxygen to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to provide sustained energy for endurance activities.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The primary energy carrier for muscle contractions, essential for all bodily movements.

ATP Replenishment

ATP is replenished during and after exercise by the ATP-PC system, Lactic Acid system, and Aerobic system.

Anaerobic Energy Systems

Fast, short-duration energy systems that do not require oxygen and produce lactic acid.

Aerobic Energy Systems

Slow, long-duration energy systems that depend on oxygen and produce ATP efficiently.

Lactic Acid Effects

Lactic acid and hydrogen ions lower pH, leading to muscle fatigue and reduced performance.

Macronutrients

Carbohydrates are the primary energy source, fats fuel low-intensity activities, and proteins are used when stores are low.

Role of Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell where aerobic metabolism occurs and ATP is produced via the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.