psychology development and learning

i hate this subject

Developmental Psychology

scientific study that is based on their growth and changes in life

Nature and Nurture

How does our experiences and genetics has made us who we are

Continuity & Stages

Continuity refers to developing at a slow and steady change steps are stuff we build past on

Stability and change

Area of study to see how we stay the same but as they evolve and adapt in life

longitudinal research

studying the same individual and see how they change in traits and more over time

cross sectional research

studying people of different ages at the same time

psychosocial development

theory that states that people will go through tons of stages, with each steps being a conflict in their life

Prenatal Development

Process of development in the womb and continuing in birth

Teratogens

Harmful substances consumed like drugs or alcohol that causes deformities in birth

Reflexes

Automatic responses newborns are born with for survival

Rooting reflex

automatic response in newborns when the felt a touch on their cheek and latch on breastfeeding

Maturation

the biological growth that affects behaviors caused by genetics

Developmental Milestones

skills or behaviors achieved by childrens such as walking, talking and more

Sensitive period

A critical time where are all the brain starts to learn skill like language

Fine motor coordination

Ability to control small movements from small muscle like writing and typing

Gross motor control

Ability to control large muscles like walking and jumping

Visual cliff

An experiment that test depth perception in infants to see if they acquire or born with it

Puberty

The period of physical and hormonals changes leading to sex maturity

Adolescent growth spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight that occurs in puberty

Menopause

the natural process typically end of a woman’s period

sex

the biologically characteristics defined by gender. Female, male or intersex

X Chromosome

Sex chromosomes that both males and females has.

Y chromosomes

Sex chromosomes only found in males

Primary sex characteristics

The reproductive organs are responsible for reproducing, like ovaries and genitalia

secondary sex characterisics

physical traits that are developed but not involved in reproduction during puberty

gender

the attitude, or feeling that they associated with the person’s sex

sexual orientation

a person sexual attraction to different genders and social affiliation

gender identity

an individual’s sense of male, female or blending of both. May not align with sex at birth

Gender roles

Societal pressure or expectation that has on behaviors based on genders, associated with female or male

Gender typing

children adapt based on what fits in their gender

Ecological systems theory

A child’s development is based on multiple environment they are in. The environment shapes the child

Authoritarian parenting style

A strict parent’s teaching style that has high expectations and strict rules. Punishments was happening if kids disobeyed them

Permissive parenting style

A very relaxed style of parenting that has parents loving the child a lot and has no rules and no expectations

Authoritative parenting style

Balanced approach of parenting where you have high expectations but there is warmth and love from the parents

Temperament

traits that children show based on their environment and this is later developed for their personality later on.

imprinting

rapid attachment to the first moving object they see

Contact comfort

the sense of relief from physical touch

Separation Anxiety

a stress response when they get separated from the caregivers

attachment styles

patterns of behavior showing how children showed their bonds with caregivers

secure attachment

a pattern that the caregiver will give them all their needs and trusted them

avoidant attachment

pattern where children ignore comfort from their parents because the parents were unavailable most of the time

Anxious attachment

pattern where kids are anxious about the separation of the caregivers

Disorganized attachment

pattern by confused behaviors often from trauma, abuse

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Traumatic events conditions like abuse, neglect that occurs before 18 and has long term effect and health and well being

Social clock

cultural timeline at which people are scheduled for certain events

emerging adulthodd

transitional life stage from late teens to 20s

Adolescent Egocentrism

stage where the teen believes that everyone is watching you and they are unique

imaginary audience

part of egocentrism, believing others are constantly judging and watching.

personal fable

believes their life is entirely unique and nobody can understand

possible selves

the various versions someone can be

social identity

an individual sense of who they are in a group

identity diffusion

state where an individual hasn’t explored or committed to a certain belief

Identity foreclosure

no exploration, your commitment

identity moratorium

Yes exploration, no commitment

Identity achivement

Yes exploration, yes achievement

Jean Piaget

he studies children’s cognition abilities analyzing their thinking and communicating

Schemas

helps with interpreting information in categories from past experience

assimiliation

process of adding new infos in new schemas to understand them

Accomdiation

Process of altering or changing schemas into new groups because it doesn’t fit into your existing group

Sensorimotor stage

Infants learns about the world and through movements and actions

Object permanence

Understanding of Objects continues to exists when they don’t see or heard or touched

Preoperational Stage

Children develops their ability of language and imagination, struggling with logical reasoning

Pretend play

have children to act in roles and scenarios in their imagination

Parallel play

Stage where children plays their toys together but they don’t interact with each others but observing

Animism

Children treat objects that are not living like humans

Egocentrism

Children has a hard time seeing other’s perspective

Theory of mind

ability to understand other’s emotions and perspective developing around age 4 to 5

Concrete Operational stage

Children develops logical thinking about objects and ideas

Conservation

Understanding of a property of objects that it remained consistent throughout changes

Reversibility

Ability to undo an action, basically restoring an object back to it’s original shape

Formal operational stage

Individuals has the ability to think in abstract ways and uses complex thoughts

Lev Vygotsky

Psychologist that determined and theorized that social interactions helped with cognitive development

Scaffolding

teaching method where an experienced person teaches a beginner to help them, but giving them less help when they’re better

Zone of proximal development

range what a learner can learn independently versus how much they can learn with guidance

Crystallized intelligence

Knowledge learn from experiences over time, helps with problem solving and improves with age

Fluid intelligence

solving problems without any prior experience, peaks early adulthood and declining with age

Dementia

Cognitive function declines and lead to problems like memory loss and communications.

language

A system of language of communicating by using sound, and grammar to show thoughts and feelings

Critical period

a period in your childhood where you are able to learn languages easily and expanded

Phoenems

The smallest units of sound in a language that can change the word

Morphemes

meaning in a language, examples like suffixes , prefixes and root words

Semantics

the study of meaning in languages, and understanding on how words shows feelings and meaning

grammar

rules how words should be combined to make sentences

syntax

set of rules that shows the arrangement of work to show sentence

cooing

early language development where kids can only say “oo” or “ah”

babbling stage

infants starts to make repetitive sounds around 4-6 months

one-word stage

children only use one word to convey their meaning, usually around at 1 years old

Two-word stage

Children uses 2 words to show meaning, starts around 2 years old

Overgeneralization

Common error where children uses grammar rules incorrectly

Nonverbal manual gestures

hands and arm movements to show meaning like pointing or waving.