bio1008 L2

Flashcards based on lecture notes about cells, their structure, and function within the human body.

What is the Cell Theory?

All organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied.

What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, are smaller (≈1μm), have less DNA (1 × 10^6 to 5 × 10^6 base pairs) in a single circular DNA molecule. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, are larger (10-100 μm), and have more DNA (1.5 × 10^7 to 5 × 10^9 base pairs) in multiple linear DNA molecules.

Name the basic types of tissue.

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and adipose tissue.

How do tissues form organs and organ systems?

Basic tissue types combine to form organs, and organs work together to form organ systems. For example, the stomach is an organ of the digestive system.

What are some of the key functions that cells provide for different body systems?

Energy supply, scaffold, propulsion system, pumps/ventilation/plumbing, purification plant, protection, control systems, and creating/constructing/repairing.

Approximately how many cells are in the human body?

Around 37 trillion (37,000,000,000,000) cells.

What percentage of total cells do red blood cells account for?

70.7% of total cells

What percentage of total mass do muscle cells account for?

44% of total mass

What are the approximate percentages of fluids and solids in the total body mass of a female?

Fluids: 55%, Solids: 45%

What are the approximate percentages of fluids and solids in the total body mass of a male?

Fluids: 60%, Solids: 40%

What are the subdivisions of total body fluid?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), with ECF further divided into interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

How is fluid content controlled in the body?

Fluid content is tightly controlled but has some variability. Glucose levels relate to diabetes, albumin to renal disease, and electrolytes/CO2 to cardiovascular disease.

What are the mechanisms for balancing acid and base in the body?

Respiratory (CO2), metabolic buffers (bicarbonate), and renal (electrolytes).

What common structural and functional features do cells share?

Cells can grow/function by themselves, there are many different types that fulfill all sorts of functions, and a cell can provide specialization for a particular organ

What are the major components of a cell?

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, and Organelles

What is the genome?

The complete set of DNA or RNA in a cell.

What is the proteome?

The characteristic set of proteins expressed by each cell type to perform its specific function (60-80,000 proteins).

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Site of RNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis.

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

Lipid and steroid hormone production.

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

Processes and sorts proteins from the ER for trafficking to their correct destination.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Makes ATP, replicates by fission, and contains its own DNA (maternal).

What is the function of lysosomes?

Waste disposal.

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Structure, support, and transport within the cell, made of filaments and tubules