Studied by 7 peoplevalue of GIS
The ________ extends beyond the ability to make complex maps more easily.
Maps
________ can also be used as a communication tool.
basic principles of mapmaking
He codified the ________ and prepared numerous maps.
Ancient Greek
________ and Roman maps were complied in the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World.
small globe doesnt
A(n) ________ have enough space to display detailed information, but a large globe is too bulky and cumbersome to use.
GIS
The key to ________ is geocoding: The position of any object on Earth can be measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a computer.
Example
Geographers are interested in the location of McDonald's restaurants around the world, not just around a U.S. interstate exit
The key to GIS is geocoding
The position of any object on Earth can be measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a computer
contemporary geography
the scientific study of the location of people and activities across Earth and the reasons for distribution
place
a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
region
an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
space
the physical gap or interval between two objects
connections
relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
ratio or fraction
shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth’s surface
written scale
describes this relationship between the map and Earth distances in words
graphic
usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth’s service
shape of an area
can be distorted so that it appears more elongated or squat than in reality
distance
between two points may become increased or decreased
relative size of different areas
may be altered, so that one area may appear smaller
direction
from one place to another can be distorted
Land Ordinance of 1785
divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the West
township
a square 6 miles on each side
principal meridians
some of the north-south lines separating the townships
baselines
some east-west lines
GIS
A computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
location
four ways to identify location: place name, site, situation, and mathematical location
toponym
a name given to a place on Earth
Situation
the location of a place relative to other places
meridian
an arc drawn between the North and South poles
longitude
a numbering system
prime meridian
the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England is 0 degrees longitude
parallel
a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
latitude
the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel
cultural landscape
a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation
regional studies
The contemporary cultural landscape approach in geometry
formal region
called a uniform region or homogeneous region, is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT) or Universal Time (UT) is the master of reference time for all points on Earth
International Date Line
follows 180 degrees longitude
functional region
called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or focal point
vernacular region
called a perceptual region, is a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
mental map
an internal representation of a portion of the Earth’s surface
Agriculture
a term for the growing of living material at a much larger scale than in a test tube
cultivate
to take care of is to nurse or look after something
cultural ecology
the geographic study of human-environment relationships
environmental determinism
how the physical environment caused social development
possibilism
the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
resources
substances that are useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
polder
a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
globalization
a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
transnational corporation
conducts research, operates factories and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
distribution
arrangement of a feature in space
density
frequency with which something occurs in space
arithmetic density
the total number of objects in an area, is commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries
physiological density
the number of persons per unit of area for suitable agriculture
agricultural density
the number of farmers per unit area of farmland
concentration
the extent of a feature’s spread over space
pattern
the geometric arrangement of objects in space
space-time compression
describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
distance decay
contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears
diffusion
the process by which a characteristic spread across space from one place to another over time
hearth
place from which an innovation originates
relocation diffusion
spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another
expansion diffusion
spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process
hierarchical diffusion
the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
contagious diffusion
the rapid, widespread diffusion of a character throughout the population
stimulus diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
expansion diffusion
occurs much more rapidly in the contemporary world than in the past
uneven development
increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods
Note
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