AP Test Cards

1-Final List

Andrew Jackson’s election as president in 1828 ushered in the era known as Jacksonian Democracy - there was an air of common-man participation in democracy and the elimination of all property requirements for voting, political tends noted by the Frenchman ___ in his two volume work Democracy in America; though the common people supported Jackson and were all invited to his 1829 Inaugural Ball, his critics scorned him as “___” for simply using his military popularity to preside over a mobocracy in a tyrannical and incompetent manner

Alexis de Tocqueville, King Andrew

Jackson initiated the ___, the custom of rewarding party loyalists with jobs on government (aka riding the coattails of the president), though this was responsible for much of the political corruption that ran rampant in the 19th century; his political enemies like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and JQA formed the ___ Party to push back against Jackson’s Democratic policies and aggressive use of presidential power

Spoils system, Whig

Jackson and Clay went to war over Jackson’s veto of the ___ in 1832, which Jackson deemed Northern, elitist, and unconstitutional; some of Jackson’s financial policies, like the ___ requiring all land purchases to be made in gold or silver, proved to be unwise, as this triggered a rush to redemption and wave of bank failures known as the Panic of 1837.

Recharter of the National Bank, Specie Circular

One of the major moments of Jackson’s presidency was the ___ Crisis of 1833 after John C. Calhoun had convinced the state of South Carolina to reject federal tariffs; Jackson and Henry Clay responded with the ___ authorizing military force if necessary to subdue South Carolina - but ultimately the crisis was resolved by a 10 year gradual tariff reduction, orchestrated by Clay

Nullification, Force Bill

A lowlight of Jackson’s administration was his enforcement of the ___ which displaced Southern tribes from their lands; in the Supreme Court ruling ___ the Court had sided with the Cherokees in allowing them to keep their land, but Jackson flagrantly defined the order, proclaiming “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it,” and using the US Army to force the Trail of Tears

Indian Removal Act, Worcester v. Georgia

Elections in the 1840s took on a characteristic of “politics for the common man” as was the case in the Log Cabins and Hard Cider election of ___ in 1840 with a popular slogan of “___;” however this Whig war hero would die of pneumonia shortly into his presidency and be replaced by his vice president

William Henry Harrison, Tippecanoe and Tyler too

The spirit of westward expansion that took hold in the 1840s was called ___, the God-given right to expand towards the Pacific; Democratic President James K. Polk in particular embodied this belief by annexing Texas, adopting the campaign slogan “___” regarding the expansion of Oregon further north into British Canada, and provoking war with Mexico in 1845

Manifest Destiny, Fifty-four forty or fight

Texas had previously won its independence from the Mexican military dictator, General ___ during a successful revolution led by ___ who rallied the Texans around the slogan “Remember the Alamo!”; though the Lone Star Republic submitted an annexation request to Congress, it had been sidelined due to abolitionist concerns about the spread of slavery

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Sam Houston

Polk’s annexation of Texas invoked a border dispute with Mexico along the ___ River and the dispatch of Ambassador ___ to settle the boundary ad make a purchase offer for additional lands in the Southwest; when these overtures were rejected Polk exercised the military option to secure these objectives

Rio Grande, John Slidell

Polk ordered General ___ (aka “Old Rough and Ready”) to seize the disputed territory, orders which were followed and exceeded by raiding northern Mexico where violence broke out; Representative Abraham Lincoln, who challenged Polk with the ___ to pinpoint the location that the violence took place; still, war was feverishly declared by the US

Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolution

The Mexican-American War (1845-48) was an astounding success for America, despite heavy losses the American military captured Mexico City and forced the Mexican government to sign the favorable Treaty of ___ granting America vast amounts of land in the Southwest in exchange for a modest cash payment; in the following year gold was discovered in Sutter’s Mill, California, triggering a ___ - San Francisco being the major hub of entry for those flooding into California

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gold Rush

America’s appetite for expansionism only intensified after the Mexican American War; during Franklin Pierce’s presidency there were offers to purchase Cuba from Spain, a news report surfaced known as the ___ which drew fire from abolitionists wary of expanding slavery, and the deal was dissolved; Southern slaveholders known as filibusteros, led by ___, attempted to conquer land in Nicaragua and Honduras in an unauthorized paramilitary operation but were captured and executed

Ostend Manifesto, William Walker

On the Pacific side, the United States sent Commodore ___ on a mission to open trade relations with Japan in 1853; in 1869 the US successfully purchased Alaska from Russia in a deal that was mistakenly dubbed “___” - most thinking it was a colossal waste until gold and oil were discovered on it

Matthew Perry, Seward’s Folly

Antislavery groups had long been active in American life; in the early 1800s the “respectable” solution to the slavery question was compensation for slaveowners and resettlement of the slaves in foreign lands; this idea was promoted by the ___ that raised enough money to purchase land in Africa that became the free country of ___, with its capital city Monrovia

American Colonization Society, Liberia

More radical abolitionists called for immediate emancipation of slaves and integration of both races in American society, with no compensation for the slaveowners; William Lloyd Garrison was the organizer of the ___ Society and editor of the abolitionist newspaper ___

American Anti-Slavery, The Liberator

Literature played a major role in spreading the ideas of abolition, such as ___’s autobiography about life as a former slave; Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the best selling novel ___ which was converted into a popular stage play, captivating even wider audiences

Frederick Douglass, Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Many Northerners assisted runaway slaves traveling along the ___, a network of safehouses from South to the North and up into Canada; ___ was the woman nicknamed the “Moses” of her people for leading many runaways to freedom along the route

Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman

Violent solutions to slavery came from both internally and externally; ___ was a slave preacher who inspired a failed slave revolt in Virginia in 1831, leading to severe punishments and restrictions on slave literacy and church ceremonies; ___ was a Northerner inspired by religious motives to attack slaveholders in Kansas and attempted to lead a slave uprising that was stamped out in 1859

Nat Turner, John Brown

The end of the Mexican American War brought vast new lands but also vast new problems - with the new territories needing to be determined free or slave; ___ were a group of anti-slavery Westerners who campaigned for free homesteads and no expansion of slavery in the territories; they pushed for the ___ in the House of Representatives that would forbid slavery in the lands won from the Mexican cession, triggering outrage from Southern slaveholders and a crisis in Congress

Free Soil Party, Wilmot Proviso

To settle the dilemma leaders like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Stephen Douglass formed the ___ which admitted California as a free state, allowed Utah and New Mexico to use popular sovereignty, banned the salve trade in DC, and enacted a stringent ___

Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law

Northern states reacted furiously by passing ___ that forbad local authorities from assisting slavecatchers; they also practiced ___ in which jurors would set alleged slaves free regardless of evidence presented by slaveholders

Personal liberty laws, Jury nullification

Popular sovereignty was the brainchild of Democrat Stephen Douglass of Illinois who again put this idea into practice in the 1854 ___; the result was a chaotic scene in which Northern Jayhawks and Southern Border Ruffians flooded into the territory to win the popular sovereignty vote, resulting that came to be known as ___

Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas

Violence gripped Congress in the 1856 ___ incident in which a South Carolina Congressman brutally caned a Massachusetts Senator; complicating matters was the 1857 ___ Supreme Court ruling that stripped all African Americans of citizenship and ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thereby allowing slavery in all territories

Caning of Charles Sumner, Dred Scott

These issues were the major subjects discussed in the ___ Debates during the 1858 Illinois Senate races; this put a national spotlight on Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln who got a reputation for his antislavery feelings when he said “A ___ divided against itself cannot stand”

Douglass-Lincoln, House

Another instance that made Southerners irate was John Brown’s raid on ___ in 1859 in an attempt to arm slaves for an uprising; the last straw came with Lincoln’s triumph in the Election of 1860, after which Southern states began to ___ despite Lincoln’s pledge to maintain slavery in the South

Harper’s Ferry, Secede

“In ‘61 the war begun” when the South fired the first shots of the Civil War at Union troops in ___ in Charleston, SC, a federal outpost that Lincoln refused to abandon; the first major battle took place at a place called ___ 25 miles outside DC where people came to picnic, expecting a swift conclusion to the war - it turned out very differently

Fort Sumter, Bull Run

The war required the federal government to pass its first ___ Act to recruit age-eligible men into the army, with a $300 buyout opportunity; this enraged the lower classes in ___ who rioted and nearly burned the city to the ground in 1863

Conscription, New York City

The government also mobilized with the passage of the ___ Act (1863) to construct a transcontinental railroad, and a ___ Act to restore national banking and print paper “greenbacks” not backed by specie

Pacific Railway, National Banking

“In ‘62 the bullets flew,” including the deadliest single day of fighting in which the Union won a costly victory at ___ under General George B. McClellan, but Lincoln was dissatisfied by McClellan’s overly-cautious approach in not chasing down the rebel army and possibly ending the war; while prior to this point Lincoln had been willing to accept South back with slavery intact, “In ‘63 the slaves were free” when Lincoln issued the ___ to free slaves in the South and allow black enlistment in the army - this was calculated to boost Northern support for the Union cause and undermine the Southern war effort

Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation

The official turning point of the war came in July, 1863 when general Robert E. Lee abandoned the South’s defensive posture and invaded the north, leading to the climactic Battle of ___ and a decisive loss for the Confederate Army; this was accompanied by the twin Union victory at the siege of ___, Mississippi, orchestrated by General Ulysses S. Grant and giving the Union Navy control over the Mississippi River

Gettysburg, Vicksburg

“In ‘64 the South was tore” when Grant, now promoted the commander of the Union Army, delayed and depleted Lee’s army in the bloody conflicts in Northern Virginia known as the ___ Battles; meanwhile, this gave General William Tecumseh Sherman free reign to conquer the South unimpeded as his forces conducted the ___, destroying everything in their path and burning major cities

Wilderness, March to the Sea

Lincoln struggled to keep public support for the war going in the Election of 1864, facing serious opposition from “Peace Democrats” nicknamed ___, but Lincoln overcame this by selecting a running mate from the “War Democrats” faction, Andrew Johnson; the war finally came to an end in April, 1865 with the singing of the Confederacy’s surrender at ___, Virginia

Copperheads, Appomattox

Lincoln had announced a more lenient policy of Reconstruction in his ___ allowing easy readmission of the Southern states with a small loyalty vote and giving ___ to most former Confederates

10% plan, amnesty

“In ‘65 Lincoln died” when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in DC; though Andrew Johnson simply carried on with Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, ___ were dismayed to see Southern states enact ___, and there was a public backlash against Johnson and fellow Democrats in the 1866 Congressional Midterm elections

Radical Republicans, Black Codes

Congressional Reconstruction took on a strict tone as the Republican majority now passed the ___ to militarily occupy the South and the ___ to provide basic relief to the newly freed slaves and poor whites in the South; both laws were enacted over Johnson’s veto

Reconstruction Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act

The standoff with President Johnson reached a climax in 1867 when Congress passed the ___ Act which would prevent the president from being able to fire his own cabinet members - Johnson violated the law triggering his impeachment, but was spared removal by 1 vote in the Senate; in the years that followed Congress continued to push Reconstruction measures like the ___ to apply federal pressure to suppress the growing terrorist organization made up of former Confederates

Tenure of Office, Enforcement Acts

Reconstruction saw the ratification of three new amendments to the Constitution: the ___ which abolished slavery, the ___ which ensured “equal protection”, and the ___ which guaranteed black men the right to vote

13th amendment, 14th amendment, 15th amendment

___ referred to Northern Republicans who moved South during Reconstruction to claim political and economic opportunities; they were resisted by Democrats calling themselves ___ who wished to retake power in the Solid South

Carpetbaggers, Redeemers

Reconstruction began to collapse in 1877 due to the ___, which gave the 1876 presidential election to ___ but also withdrew troops from the Southern states

Compromise of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes

Southern states moved quickly to pass ___ establishing racial segregation in all aspects of Southern life: ___ became the form of “new slavery” the economically exploited blacks and kept them chained to the land

Jim Crow laws, Sharecropping

Freedmen were robbed of the political power through the passage of ___, ___, and ___ in Southern states, buttressed by ongoing voter intimidation by the KKK

Poll tax, Grandfather clause, Literacy test

The Supreme Court drove the nail into the coffin of Civil Rights in the case of ___ (1896) which permitted racial discrimination so long as conditions were “___;” many years later this overturned in Brow v. Board of Education (1954)

Plessy v. Ferguson, Separate but equal

The period after WWII was characterized by a massive shift towards suburbanization, brought on by a rise in the birthrate called the ___: it was also fueled by the passage of the ___, passed during WWII providing college benefits and housing subsidies that increased home buying

Baby boom, GI Bill

The passage of the ___ improved transportation between downtown and outlying areas as well as nationwide; the ___ region became the fastest growing part of the country, especially in areas such as Florida, Texas, and Southern California

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, Sun Belt

There was an emergence of a counterculture in the 1950s of authors and poets known as the ___, expressing disillusionment with materialism and conformity; the folk song ___ was a direct critique of suburban living and complacency

Beat Generation, Little Boxes

The famous feminist and founder of N.O.W (National Organization for Women) was ___, who published The Feminine Mystique to alert people to “the problem” faced by suburban housewives in America; another shock to the system came with the publication of the ___ Reports on sexual behaviors which painted a picture of sexual repression and opened a new dialogue on the topic

Betty Friedan, Kinsey

The close of WWII brought with it the beginning of the ___, Churchill’s term to describe the political and military domination of the Soviet Union over Eastern Europe; the western democracies formed a new alliance for collective security called ___ to act as a counterbalance and deter Soviet aggression

Iron Curtain, NATO

President Truman was a believer in the ___ policy of stopping the spread of communism any further; he also introduced the ___ to provide financial and military assistance to nations resisting communist takeover, such as Greece and Turkey

Containment, Truman Doctrine

The US financed the reconstruction of Western Europe after WWII through the ___ Plan, building alliances and solidifying cooperation in the region; Stalin tried to cut off western access to the city of West Berlin in 1948, which resulted in Truman ordering the ___ to provide fresh supplies to the starving population

Marshall, Berlin Airlift

Truman faced setbacks in containing the spread of communism in Asia, particularly after the successful communist revolution in China led by ___ in 1949; after the Soviets boycotted the UN over the non-recognition of communist China, the US and other countries authorized a UN police action that became known as the ___ War in an effort to save the democratic South from the communist North

Mao Zedong, Korean

On the homefront, America faced a second “Red Scare” best known for ___, a Congressional effort to root out communist infiltration in Hollywood and other industries; adding to fears of communism and nuclear escalation was the discovery of the spy couple called the ___ who leaked nuclear secrets to the USSR and were sentenced to death

McCarthyism, Rosenbergs

The Soviets quickly modernized the nuclear arsenal creating a deadly stalemate known as ___ in which an attack by one side would quickly result in the retaliation by the other, hopefully acting as a deterrent to nuclear war; Russia also created a counterbalance of communist states called the ___ Pact

Mutually Assured Destruction, Warsaw

The late 1950s saw a string of setbacks for the non-communist world, such as when the Soviets crushed a democratic uprising in ___ which the US was powerless to stop; and the launching of ___, the first space satellite in 1957

Hungary, Sputnik

In 1959, ___ led a successful communist revolution in Cuba; in 1960 ___ was a U2 spy plane pilot shot down over Russian airspace in an embarrassing moment in foreign affairs

Fidel Castro, Francis Gary Powers

John F. Kennedy hoped to revitalize the US through his ___ agenda, which included space exploration, youth involvement, and efforts to fight global poverty such as the Peace Corps and ___, economic aid for Latin America

New Frontier, Alliance for Progress

Concerning Cuba, JFK authorized the botched CIA operation known as the ___ Invasion, in which Cuban exiles returned to the island in a failed attempt to overthrow communism; the following year, the ___ Crisis of 1962 brought the world to the brink of nuclear war

Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile

Following the crisis, efforts towards de-escalation were made through the creation of the ___ between Washington DC and Moscow; there was also the signing of the ___ Treaty, a first step towards nuclear control

Moscow-Washington Hotline, Limited Test Ban

The Civil Rights movement received a boost from President Truman, who issued executive orders desegregating the military and federal bureaucracy, and created the presidential commission that produced the “___” report on the status of black America; due to Truman’s civil rights stance, Southern Democrats known as ___ abandoned the party in 1948 and ran a third party candidate, Strom Thurmond

To Secure These Rights, Dixiecrats

The Supreme Court continued the growing momentum behind Civil Rights when they ruled to end segregation in public schools in ___ (1954); three years later President ___ send the 101st airborne division to desegregate Little Rock Central High School

Brown v. Board of Education, Eisenhower

In the interim, the high profile murder of 14 year old ___ in Mississippi energized more Americans to take up the charge of Civil Rights; after Rosa Parks’ bus sit-in, the NAACP orchestrated bus boycotts in the city of ___ that eventually contributed to the desegregation of the city bus system

Emmett Till, Montgomery

The ___ was a student-led group of civil rights workers who engaged in nonviolent but more confrontational forms of protest such as the lunch-counter sit-ins; volunteers from this group and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) conducted the ___ through the Southern states, a test of interstate bus desegregation

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Freedom Rides

The next site of major protest was ___ in 1963, where Dr. King and the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) participated in marches and demonstrations such as the Children’s March that was attacked by police dogs and firehoses; eventually protests like these would culminate in the passage of the ___ which ended segregation in all public accommodations

Birmingham, Civil Rights Act of 1964

The next goal of the movement became voting rights, such as the ___ campaign to register black voters in Mississippi which tragically resulted in the death of 3 workers at the hands of the local police and KKK; organizers then planned the voting rights march in ___ which was attacked by state police at Edmund Pettus Bridge in a televised event called “Bloody Sunday”

Freedom Summer, Selma

Voting restrictions were finally lifted after the passage of the ___ which ended literacy and citizenship tests, as well as sending federal registrars to monitor election; the ___ Amendment also opened voting opportunities by eliminating the poll tax

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 24th

President Lyndon Johnson launched an ambitious domestic agenda called the ___, which included education, healthcare, and the War on ___

Great Society, Poverty

Major pieces of Johnson’s agenda were ___ - health programs for the elderly and poor; and the ___ which revamped the immigration system by ending national origins quotas that had been in place since the 1920s

Medicare and Medicaid, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Despite the progress in Civil Rights, the late 60s saw the eruption of riots in places like ___ in California and Detroit, Michigan; more militant views such as the ___ movement began to gain traction with outspoken leaders such as Stokely Carmichael

Watts, Black Power

Groups like the ___ advocated for community control of the police and generally supported the goal of black separatism over integration; ___ was a leader of the Nation of Islam who suggested change must come “by any means possible,” including “the ballot or the bullet”

Black Panthers, Malcolm X

The late Johnson years saw further strides towards equality such as the ___ Act to prevent housing discrimination; and the introduction of ___ in federal hiring to give preference to minority job applicants

Fair Housing, Executive Order 11246

The changes in the 1960s resulted in a backlash from many who resented the expansion of the federal government and denounced the lawlessness that went along with many of the protests and demonstrations - Nixon and the Republican Party embraced the idea of ___ to reverse these trends; other developments related to this was the emphasis on Law and Order and the associated War on ___

New Federalism, Drugs

Republicans continued to advocate for the returning of more power and responsibility to the states, a policy known as ___; in 1994 the Republican-controlled Congress enacted the ___ to dismantle the federal welfare program by breaking it down to the state level to minimize fraud and encourage people to move from “welfare to work”

Devolution, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

The 1980s-90s saw a rise in crime associated with the crack epidemic, which led to the passage of the ___ - this law reduced crime rate by also led to a rapid rise in the incarceration rate; a high profile incident involving police brutality was the ___ beating, which led to massive riots in Los Angeles in 1992 after the officers charged were found not guilty

1994 Crime Bill, Rodney King

In the Middle Ages, the ___ were a series of events that led Europeans to interact with eastern cultures and inspired a demand for luxury goods and spices they came back with; ___ was an Italian navigator and explorer who visited China in the 1200s and published a book that piqued European interest in trading with the far East

Crusades, Marco Polo

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the Catholic Spanish monarchs who defeated the ___ in Southern Spain during the Reconquista; they then sponsored the voyages of ___ who would pursue trade in the Far East and continue the spread of Catholicism

Moors, Christopher Columbus

The ___ refers to the global transfer of economic and biological products from the Old World to the New; ___ was a book by Jared Diamond that described the three primary resources/reasons why Europeans conquered the New World empires

Columbian Exchange, Guns Germs and Steel

___ was the Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec empire in Mexico, misleading and later imprisoning their leader Montezuma; ___ was the Spaniard who conquered the Inca empire of Peru, kidnapping and killing their leader Atahualpa

Hernan Cortes, Francisco Pizarro

New Spain relied on the ___ system by which they offered land grands and Native slaves to settlers who would live in the New World and Christianize the slaves under the control; eventually the Pueblo people of the Southwest revolted against the Franciscan missionaries who tried to impose Christianity in an event called ___’s Rebellion (1680)

Encomienda, Pope

Portugal was another European rival who got involved in exploration; ___ was a member of the royal family who sponsored navigation efforts; ___ was the first sailor to lead a mission to circumnavigate the world

Prince Henry the Navigator, Ferdinand Magellan

To settle the rivalry between these Catholic powers, the Pope mediated the Treaty of ___ with a vertical line of demarcation to separate Spain and Portugal’s New World holdings; meanwhile Martin Luther initiated the ___ in Germany which challenged the authority of the Catholic church and led to a major shakeup in European society

Tordesillas, Protestant Reformation

England initially remained a Catholic country, but that was disrupted when King ___ sought a divorce from his first wife which was refused by the Pope; after breaking from the Catholic Church the ___ religion was founded, with the King of England at its head

Henry VIII, Anglican

New France was founded when ___ claimed the lands surrounding the Saint Lawrence river for the French Crown; later ___ established a permanent Quebec colony with some Catholic missions but more positive trade relations with local Native tribes in Canada

Jacque Cartier, Samuel de Champlain

Alongside England, the Dutch were the other Protestant power that settled the New World at the settlement called ___, around modern-day New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut; these colonies offered greater tolerance towards Native Americans and Europeans of all religions, and thrived economically through the trapping and trade for ___ which was in high demand back in Europe; these settlements were eventually taken over by England in 1664

New Netherland, Fur

Queen ___ was the British monarch who began England’s New World ventures; the first of these was the “Lost Colony” of ___, which was settled in 1590 but mysteriously the settlement disappeared

Elizabeth I, Roanoke

The British crown authorized privateers, known as ___, such as Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish vessels returning with treasures from the New World; this was part of the escalating tension between England and Spain that resulted in the sailing of the ___ in an attempt to conquer England in 1588, which failed

Sea Dogs, Spanish Armada

In 1607 England established its first successful colony in ___, Virginia; this was a ___ colony that was formed by investors who were seeking to profit off of their venture to the New World by digging up precious metals

Jamestown, Joint-Stock

Two important figures in this colony were ___, who whipped the men into shape by redirecting them from gold-seeking to agricultural production and made peace with local tribes; and ___ who helped develop the first tobacco cultivation in the colony, which was nicknamed “brown gold”

John Smith, John Rolfe

Many second-sons came to Virginia because of the tradition of ___, which left the family inheritance to the oldest male her in the family; the ___ system became a method to entice planters to pay for the passage of indentured servants into the colony in exchange for 50 acres of land granted to the landlord

Primogeniture, Headright

The British colonies were founded under the economic model of ___, which suggested their role was to provide the motherland with raw materials and a market for the finished goods coming from overseas; eventually the ___ was a three-way trade system that transported slaves, molasses, and rum from Africa, the West Indies, and the British Colonies

Mercantilism, Triangular Trade

The local ___ Tribe threatened the Virginia colonists - despite the early peace settlements, as more Englishmen arrived and settled in the backcountry, tensions flared up; ___ was an uprising of indentured servants in the colony who felt the tidewater elites were not adequately protecting them from Indian raids

Powhatan, Bacon’s Rebellion

Back in England King James I began a crackdown on religious dissidents, such as the ___ who criticized the state church and sought to “purify” it from corruption; when this group face persecution they left England, first moving to Holland but eventually landing overseas in ___, Massachusetts in 1620

Puritans, Plymouth

The settlers drafted up a document called the ___ before disembarking the ship that carried them there, agreeing to a common form of government and reaffirming their loyalty to the King of England; they were confronted by the local Wampanoag tribe led by ___, but eventually made a peace settlement and partnership reflected by the first Thanksgiving

Mayflower Compact, Massasoit

A different group of these religious outcasts also settled in Massachusetts Bay, in Boston in 1630, led by the first governor ___; he coined the phrase “A ___” to describe the colony’s reputation as a model commonwealth dedicated to hard work and prayer for the world to emulate

John Winthrop, City upon a Hill

The religious beliefs of Massachusetts included the Calvinist belief in ___, that there were a select number of chosen ones who were determined to go to heaven and the rest were going to hell; in an intense iteration of the belief system the 1692 ___ Trials resulted in the execution of many fringe members of the community who had been accused by young girls of communing with the devil

Predestination, Salem Witch

Massachusetts Bay was a rigid religious society that tolerated no challenges to its intertwined faith and political leadership; ___ was a woman who was expelled from the colony for trying to preach the Bible in her own way, attesting to her own personal revelations; and ___ was also expelled for advocating the idea of separation of church and state - he settled Rhode Island colony

Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams

As more English settled in Massachusetts bay, it created conflict with Native American tribes as in the 1675 ____ War against Metacom, the grandson of the Wampanoag chief who had once made peace with the Pilgrims; during this war the colonists of New England banded together to form the ____ as a defensive alliance against Native attacks, and won the war - this was a turning point in Native relations in the Northeast

King Philip’s, New England Confederation

Self government was a feature of the British colonies such as in Virginia, where upper class First Families served in an elected legislature called the ___ which had the power to vote on all taxes; in New England, ___ were the norm and reflected the attitude of more direct democratic rule

House of Burgesses, Town Meetings

Though they were resisted, Great Britain did make some efforts to more tightly control the North American colonies in the 1600s by passing the ___ Acts to restrict colonial trade exclusively to the motherland (though defied by smugglers); and by creating the ___ in 1686 to consolidate control over the New England colonies under the unpopular Governor Edmund Andros, though it collapsed in 1689

Navigation, Dominion of New England

Some Middle colonies were formed for religious purposes under the control of sole proprietors, such as ___ who founded Pennsylvania as a more religiously tolerant Quaker colony, and Maryland, a Catholic colony that enacted the ___ to grant freedom of worship to all Christians

William Penn, Maryland Toleration Act

Southern colonies like the ___ were formed by the continued search for farmland by English migrants who came after the early settlement of Virginia; Georgia was founded by proprietor, ___, as a safe haven for debt prisoners and a military buffer state from Spanish Florida

Carolinas, James Oglethorpe

African slaves were first brought to Virginia by Dutch traders in 1619 and slavery was present in all 13 colonies; there was widespread fear of slave revolts, such as the ____ Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 and 1741 Slave Conspiracy in the colony of ___

Stono, New York