Muscles Lecture

bio 1412

Muscles

Tissues in animals that create movement.

Endoskeleton

Internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage for support.

Exoskeleton

Hard outer skeleton found in insects and crustaceans.

Bone

Hard tissue that supports and protects organs.

Cartilage

Flexible tissue that cushions joints.

Joints

Where bones meet, allowing movement.

Tendons

Connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.

Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary muscles attached to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Heart muscle that pumps blood involuntarily.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle in organs and blood vessels.

Sarcomere

Basic unit of muscle contraction.

Sliding Filament Theory

How muscle fibers contract by sliding over each other.

Neuromuscular Junction

Connection between nerves and muscle fibers.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Process where nerve signals trigger muscle contraction.

Slow-twitch fibers (Type I)

Muscle fibers for endurance and resist fatigue.

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers (Type IIa)

Muscle fibers for speed and power.

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

Muscle fibers for quick, explosive actions.

ATP Production Pathways

Ways muscles make energy: phosphagen, anaerobic, aerobic.

Calcium ions in muscle contraction

Calcium helps muscles contract.

Troponin and Tropomyosin

Proteins that control muscle contractions.

Cardiac and Smooth Muscles

Involuntary muscles with unique contraction patterns.

Adaptations in Invertebrate Muscles

Special muscle types in invertebrates for unique functions.