Passive vs. Active Avoidance & Learning Theories in Psychology

Passive Avoidance & R-O Contingency

Behavior decreases because responding produces an aversive outcome

Active Avoidance & R-O Contingency

Behavior increases because responding prevents an aversive stimulus

Two-Process Theory of Avoidance

Fear is classically conditioned to a signal, and avoidance is operantly reinforced by fear reduction

Instrumental Response is Reinforced By

Reduction of fear/anxiety (negative reinforcement)

Discrete Trial Procedure

Learning occurs in separate trials with a clear beginning and end

Avoidance Learning Paradox

Behavior is maintained even when no aversive stimulus occurs, contradicting reinforcement theory

Signaled Avoidance

Warning signal (CS) predicts aversive event; response during signal prevents it

Free-Operant Avoidance

No warning signal; behavior is based on time intervals

Free-Operant Avoidance Requires Tracking

Time intervals (S-S and R-S intervals)

Incorrect Statement (S-S Interval)

❌ Animals do NOT strive to reset the S-S interval; ✔️ They respond to delay/avoid shock (R-S interval)

Predatory Imminence Hypothesis

Once a predator is detected, the organism engages in defensive behaviors (freezing, fleeing, fighting depending on threat level)