module 2

personal and social identity

personality

personality

individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

three major views on personality

Reciprocal determinism, Jung, Myers-Briggs test

Reciprocal determinism

interactive process involving psychological and social forces

Jung

introversion and extroversion

Myers-Briggs test

16 personality types (has received criticism for being inaccurate)

introvert

a person who tends to be more focused on their internal thoughts and feelings, and gains energy from spending time alone or in small groups.

extrovert

a person who tends to be outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around others, and are comfortable in social settings.

social identity

the way in which we see ourselves as having commonality with others - aka collective identity

personal identity

that which is perceived to make us different to others

self concept

composed of the various identities, attitudes, beleifs and values that an individual holds about himself or herself.

three aspects of self-concept

self image, self esteem, ideal self

self image

ones social role, personality, how we see ourselves (physically and intellectually) - e.g sister, clever, tall - influenced by family and friends from a early age.

self-esteem

how we feel about ourselves - do we like/value ourselves?

ideal self

the person we would like to be

self awareness

Psychological state, become aware of traits, feelings and behaviour, self-realisation, babies develop this over first 2 years

personality testing

designed to systematically elicit information about a person's motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style of interacting with people and situations.

four ancient greek personalities

chloric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic

chloric (ancient greek personality)

determined, quick to act, fiery, energetcic, passionate

sanguine (ancient greek personality)

warm hearted, outgoing, violate, optimistic, cheerful

phlegmatic (ancient greek personality)

slow, patient, calm, quiet, shy, rational, consistent

melancholic (ancient greek personality)

serious, anxious, quiet, fearful, depressed, poetic, said, artistic

japanese personalities are based on?

blood type: A, B, AB, O

japanese personality - type A

creative, operative, stubborn, uptight

japanese personality - type B

empathetic, passionate, selfish, erratic

japanese personality - type AB

japanese personality - type O

confident, resilient, self-centered, unstable

what is self-concept development?

the development of an individuals identity formed through various stages of their life

stages of self-concept developemt

infants (0-2), children (3-12), adolescent (13-18), adult (18-65), later adulthood (66-)

social development for infants

not intellectually developed - no idea of self or what a person is - need emotional support from others to learn - how they are treated will affect what they think about themselves.

social development for children

learn to fit in with others and basic social rules - develop social role and what is expected of them - praise/punishment for behaviour adds development.

social development for adolescents

develop strong sense of self (through friends, groups, clothing, music), though not always positive - independent - develop more intimate relationships - media also affects self-concept.

social development for adults

knows their roles - life events (e.g marriage divorce) begin to affect social life - how we learnt to value ourselves earlier will have huge impact now

social development for later adulthood

retirement/loss of partner means loss of some social roles - loss of social roles + physical abilities = negative effect - find more time for things they enjoy = positive effects

socialisation

gaining knowledge and understanding of the rules and expectations for social situations

two types of socialisation

primary and secondary

primary socialisation

the knowledge that we gain from our family and early phases in life

secondary socialisation

influences outside the family, such as peers, religion, scholol and the media - occours later in life.

factors that develop personal + social identity

family and kinship, ethnicity and culture, gender, sexuality, beliefs, location + class + status, peers, school, media (communication technologies)

family

a common residence characterised by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction

original parenting styles

authoritarian, authorative, permissive, uninvolved

authoritarian parenting style

focus on obedience, punishment over discipline

authorative parenting style

create positive relationship, enforce rules

permissive parenting style

dont enforce rules, ‘kids will be kids’

univolved parenting style

provide little guidance, nurturing or attention

newer parenting styles

helicopter, snowplough, attachment, free range

helicopter parent

pays extremely close attention to a child’s experiences, problems, particularly at educational institutions

snowplough parent

removes any obstacles in their childs way, doesn’t want their child to experience any discomfort

attachment parent

aiming to promote the attachment of parent and infant - maximal parental empathy

free range parent

allowing kids to have freedom to exprerience natural consequences of their behaviour - ensures kids have skills to be responsible adults.

gender neutral parenting

equal treatment and opportunities for children, regardless of their gender - challenges traditional gender stereotypes and encourages kids to explore diverse interests and express themselves authentically.

how does gender norms affect personality in infants/children

females are expected to come off as soft and obsessed with their femininity/looks rather than intellegence. Males are expected to be stronger + more assertive.

nature vs nurture

whether human behavior is primarily influenced by genetics (nature- early in life) or by environmental factors in which an individual lives their lives (nurture- as we develop).

self-efficacy

The ability to execute particular behaviours.

Rites of Passage

legal, ritual or spiritual conventions and occasions that mark coming of age.

examples of rites of passage ceromonies

Genpuku (Japan) - 20th, Quinceanera (America) - 15th

theory of generations

different generations have different characteristics

coming of age

a young person’s transition from being a child to an adult.

social construct

a socially created aspect of social life.

life course

a culturally defined sequence of age as people pogress from birth to death.

life stages

life from childhood to adolescense to adult life to old age - defines people by being of a particular age group.

roles

social expectations attached to a particular social position

status

ones social position ranked by legal, political and cultural criteria - include positive and negative privlidges

social stratification

a systemic way in which people or groups are ranked in society - can be formed from age, gender, class, caste, ethnicty, relgion, sexuality or income.

open system of stratification

increased status can be gained through effort

closed system of stratification

where there is no opportunity for social mobility

social mobility

ability for indivuduals to move vertically within a social hierachy

rights

the social, civil and political rights accorded to individuals - e.g human rights: right to life, equality before the law, education, education, and freedom of belief.

ethnicity

an individuals indentification.sense of belonging to a ethnic group - based on perceived common origins that people share e.g ancestry and culture

significant transistions in life

a developmental stage involving significant cultural milestones. e.g primary school - high school, dating to marriage

factors affecting your life course

age effect (change when you get older), period effect (imapct of historical events), cohort effect (occours as one cohort replaces another)

jean piaget : stages of developments

sensorimotor (birth), preoperational period (18 mths -7 yrs old), concrete operations period (7-12 yrs), formal operations period (12-15 yrs)

12 main concepts of personal and social identity

class, ethnicity, kinship, life courses, life stages, responsibility, rights, roles, self concept, social construct, socialisation and status.

social self

a conscious experience in which you become aware of your own personal identity

role of socialisation

to effectively function in society

factors influencing socialisation

media, school, location, peers, family, kinship, sexuality, gender, class, status, ethnicity, culture, beliefs

adolescense

transitional stage in a teenager’s life, from childhood to adulthood, where an individual evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially

three development changes in adolescence

physical development, cognitive development (mental), idnentity formation.

3 phases of rites and passages

seperation (leaving one group), liminality (periods between staes, where partipant has left one place but have not entered another yet, and incorporation (rentering society with new status)