Genetics Ch.1

name/animal of first reproductive cloned pet

CC (carbon copy), cat

human genome project

aimed to decode genome

coordinated by NIH and DOE

carried out by scientist around the world

Human cells contain

Chromosomes

DNA

Genes coding for proteins

DNA bases

number of pairs of chromosomes

23

types of chromosomes

autosome + sex

how many meters of DNA in cell

2

how many protein coding genes in a cell

20,000

characteristics of gene coding proteins

make proteins

functional products

aids in phenotypic expression (chemical malfunction)

how many DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes

Approx. 3 billion

Human genome accuracy

99.99%

1000 genome project

in progess

study of human genome tells us

how many genes we have

how cells develop into complex tissue

how defective gens cause disease

genetic technologies allow for

modification of animals

jellyfish gene encoding GFP

mice emit green color upon exposure to blue or ultraviolet light

genetics

study of heredity and variation

unifying discipline in biology

centered on study of genes

gene

specific segment of DNA that produces a functional protein such as polypeptide

unit of heredity

gives blueprint for traits of organism

traits/phenotype

oberservable characteristics of an organism

composition of living cells

biochemicals

small organic molecules

what links small organic molecules together

chemical bonds

4 main large molecules

lipids

proteins

carbs

nucleic acids

Macromolecules

nucleic acids

proteins

carbohydrates

polymer

assembled unit

largest composition

composed of monomers

what interaction forms cellular structures

molecules and macromolecules

what doesn’t form a true polymer

lipids

monomers

simplest unit

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of carbs

monosaccharides

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

monomers of lipids

fatty acids

glycerol

eukaryotic cell contains

nucleus with nucleic material and chromosomes

prokaryotes have

nucleic material in other structures

dna in nucleiod

both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have

ribosomes

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

chromosomes

DNA in eukaryotic cells

mitochondria

nucleus

chloroplasts

nucleotides

found in nucleus of eukaryotes

used to make long strands of DNA

name for tail on prokaryotes

flagellum

ribosomes

synthesize proteins

proteins

determine cell structure and function

determines characteristics of a cell

have diverse biological function

proteome

all of the proteins that a cell makes at a given time

polypeptide

polymer

composed of a linear sequence of amino acids

each protein is composed of one or more of these

structural protein

tubulin

tubulin

aggregates to form microtubules

plays role in cell shape and movement

transport proteins

inserted into cell membranes

aids in transport of ions and small molecules across membrane

proteins can function as

enzymes

enzymes

biological catalysts

accelerate chemical reactions

catabolic enzymes

breakdown large molecules into smaller ones

polymer into monomer

provide energy for activities of the cell

anabolic enzymes

building

monomers to polymer

synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

provides components for construction of cell

require energy input

DNA

genetic material in all living organisms

some viruses use what as genetic material

RNA

DNA functions

stores and codes the information required to synthesize all cellular proteins

central dogma/ gene flow of genetic info

DNA replication

Transcription

Translation

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to Proteins

DNA strand is made of

polymer of nucleotides

double stranded structure

DNA (B-stranded DNA)

nitrogenous bases

adenine

thymine

cytosine

guanine

each nucleotide contains

one nitrogenous base

genetic information is stored

in a linear sequence of nitrogenous bases along DNA molecule

codon

three base code for amino acids

genetic code

directs order of amino acids

triplet code

codon or 3 base code

how many codons total

64

how many stop codons

3

genetic code is

redundant

is there one codon per amino acid

no

tryptophan

a kind of stop codon

what stores information for protein synthesis

DNA

where are chromosomes

in the DNA

how many pairs of chromosomes

23 pairs, 22 autosome, 1 sex

how many total chromosomes

46

average human chromosome contains

more than a 100 million nucleotides per DNA strand

about 1000 different genes

Y chromosome characteristics

not as many genes

only used for sex determination

why is Y chromosome only used for sex determination

if too diverse it would cause chromosome abnormality because women do not have it

what is gene expression

gene flow of information

what is accessed during gene expression

information within the DNA

what steps are apart if gene expression

transcription

translation

transcription

genetic info in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

translation

nucleotide sequence in RNA provides information to make amino acid sequence of a protein

RNA

ribonucleic acid

only has coding sequence for proteins

trait

any characteristic that an organism displays

morphological traits

affect appearance of organism

physiological traits

affect function of the organism

behavioral traits

affect the way an organisms responds to the environment

appearance of an organism (color)

morphological trait

ability to metabolize sugar or breakdown alcohol

physiological trait

mating calls of bird species

behavioral trait

molecular expression of genes leads to

an organisms traits

what controls traits

genes

relationship between genes and traits (four levels)

genes are expressed at molecular level

proteins function at cellular level

traits are observed at organism level

genes/traits within a particular species can be studied at population level (bird calls)

genes are expressed at

molecular level

proteins function at

cellular level

traits are observable at

organism level

genes/traits within a particular species can be

studied at population level

highly functional pigment synthesizing enzyme would lead to

darker color

dark allele

poorly functional pigment synthesizing enzyme would lead to

light color

light allele

more pigment made =

highly functional enzyme

less pigment made =

poorly functional enzyme

genes and traits are

molecular

wing color can influence

where they live/behavior

genetic variation affects

inherited differences in traits

genetic variation

refers to differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

how can genetic variation be striking

members of the same species may be misidentified as belonging to different species