Global challenges midterm

4 dynamics of global challenges

global interactions, global tensions, global forces, domestic factors

bric/brics

4-5 large rising countries- brazilm russia, india, china, southafrica

surveillance capitilism

businesses or comapnies keep track of people and manipulatein order to make a profit

ngos

non-government organization

bretton woods

meeting that created the monetary system and the world bank. Financial institutions are built on the bretton woods

dependency theory

some parts of the world are not as established as the western powers, colonial heritage is a heavy burden the states carry, dependency redetermines its future, countries thst were exploited in the 19th century have a handicap where they wont ever be equal to the colonizers

first global age

when the Pax Britannica was going on, right before ww1

second global age

cold war ends peacefully, early 1990s, hope for more democracy and globalozation

state

territorial entity, controlled by a gov, sovereignty, popuation

differences between a state and a country

practical purposes- none

differences between a regime and a state

- regimes have different ways of government keeping and getting its power

Government- runs the state 

Igo

intergovernmental organizations

igo functions

Represents interests of individual states 

Find solution to common problems

Increase efficiency and facilitate interactions

Provide expertise on specific issues

Disseminate knowledge 

theories of an igo

realism, liberalism, constructivism

realism

Realism is skeptical: IGOs represent interests of powerful states

liberalism

Liberalism is optimistic: ugos enable cooperation for mutual benefit, create complex interdependence, which minimizes wars

constructivism

Constructivism sees a potential for change: IGOs enable new perceptions, norms, ideas

What is the logic of appropriateness?

What we regard as proper, suggests people(actors) often act because they think it is morally correct. Simply right even without a reward for the reaction

logic of consequences?

 We do something because there will be consequences if we don't do it

United Nations

The largest and most important IGO

If a state is not in the UN, is it a state? For practical purposes no, geographical purposes yea

imf

international monetary fund

imf

- breton woods- provide financial assistance to states who are strugglinig on the brink of bankruptcy, us contributor 

What does the un do that the imf doesnt?

Imf does not have an international criminal court, un can deploy peace issues and mediate conflict between stateds and put sanctions and somewhat enforce them and disaster relief andhumanitarian help and supply food and needs for disasters. Imf just tries to help countires in financial struggles but not as concerned about sustainability. Imf does not have democracy

global civil society actors 

• Global civil society actors identify themselves with global community and global issues

2 exampls of global civil society actors

Amnesty international, oxfam,

amnesty international

human rights activism for supporting asylum-seekers, refugees, journalists, and people on the frontlines of the world’s most pressing crises.

oxfam

advocates for
Conflict in Gaza and Israel. War in Ukraine. Starvation across East Africa.

toqueville

theroizer  civil society makes states and MNCS accountable, mobilize citizens, and contribute to democracy

theorizer putnam

•  civil engagement creates social capital which ensures working democracy 

ramsci

theorizer

Ramsci: civil society is about struggle for power: supplanting existing power structures with new ones 

Igos need local organizations, someone to do ground work, need the ngos and

!!

civil society actors example

greta thunberg

eleanor roosevelt 

social identities example

nationality

ethnic

religious

gender and class

theorectical approaches to identity

constructivism, primordialism, instrumentalism

constructivism

changeable

primoridalism

entrenched and measurable

instrumentalism

manipualtions by elites

basic features of capitlism

free markets

private ownership of land or capital

commodifcations of things

liberalism

Free trade as path to individual and global welfare

Mercantilism

the interests of one’s state above all (often

translating as “beggar thy neighbor”)

structuralism

historical disadvantages create global inequality

(Global North vs Global South). Remember Cardoso and

Dependency Theory? )

wto

world trade organization

wto goals

to diminish tariffs, encourage the flow of global trade

Important due to its

portfolio investments

international stocks, currency or real estate

foreign direct investments

(active): substantial - building factories
abroad, or “phantom” – transferring capital abroad for tax evasion

fixed exchange rate

(backed by gold, silver, or perhaps
another currency – but the EU example is debatable),
prevalent until WWI

fixed but adjustable rate

after the WWII, the Breton Woods
system (world currencies fixed to the dollar with some
modifications)