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Cell
The smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.
Microscopy
The science of using microscopes to view samples or objects.
Organelles
Specialized structures within a cell.
Cell Theory
All living organisms are made of one or more cells
The cell is the basic organizational unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Formulated the first two ideas of cell theory.
Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
Formulated the last idea of cell theory.
Rudolph Virchow
Cytosol
The fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Cellular Repiration
A process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen.
Mitochondria
The site in animal and plant cells where cellular respiration takes place.
Chromosome
A thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus of a cell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Material found in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information.
Gene
A segment of DNA that controls protein production.
Double Helix
Twisted ladder design model of DNA
James Watson & Francis Creek
Created the double helix
Nucleotides
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Genetic Code
The order of nucleotides (A,T,G,C)
Karyotype
A micrograph of the chromosomes in a person’s cells.
Transgenic Organism
An organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species (Genetically Modified Organism).
Cloning
The process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism.
Mutation
A change in the DNA of an organism.
Mutagen
A substance or factor that can cause a mutation in DNA
Digestive System
Breaks down food.
Circulatory System
Transports substances throughout the body.
Respiratory System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Nervous System
A network of cells that detect and respond to external and internal events.
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones, which affect development and reproduction.
Skeletal System
Includes bones, ligaments, and cartilage, which protect organs and support tissues.
Muscular System
Includes muscle tissues necessary for movement.
Urinary System (Excretory System)
Processes and excretes dissolved/liquid waste from the body and keeps pH and blood pressure in balance. (Also interacts with the body’s digestive and circulatory systems).
Intergumentary System
Includes skin, hair, and nails, which are physical barriers for protection.
Immune and Lymphatic Systems
Protect the body from infection.
Reproductive System
Makes and transports gametes (reproductive cells). and enables females to give birth.
Cirrhosis
Digestive System
Gallstones
Digestive System
Ulcer
Digestive System
Gastroesophagael Reflex Disease (GERD)
Digestive System
Hepatitis
Digestive System
Constipation
Digestive System
Lactose Intolerance
Digestive System
Hypertension
Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
Circulatory System
Stroke
Circulatory System
Heart Attack
Circulatory System
Arrhythmia
Circulatory System
Leukemia
Circulatory System
Layngitis
Respiratory System
Pneumonia
Respiratory System
Cystic Fibrosis
Respiratory System
Lung Cancer
Respiratory System
Cell Membrane
Seperates the inside of the cell from the external environment and controls the flow of material into and out of the cell.
Cytosol
Includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life-supporting materials, such as sugar and water, all contained by the cell membrane.
Mitochondria
Where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities.
Ribosomes
Help to produce proteins, which make up much of a cell’s structure and are required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival; some float in the cytoplasm and others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus.
Vescicles
Membrane-covered sacs that transport and/or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell.
Golgi Body
Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell.
Nucleus
Controls all cell activities.
Vacuoles
Contain water and other materials and are used to store of transport small molecules; plant cells tend to have one large one; animal cells may have several smaller ones.
Cytoskeleton
Filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping it maintain its structure and providing “tracks” along which vescicles and organelles can move.
Cell Wall
A tough and rigid structure lying just outside a plant’s cell’s membrane; provides support for the cell.
Chloroplasts
Found only in plant cells; trap energy from the Sun to make glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria to power cell activities (animals get glucose from food they eat).
Cirrhosis
Scar tissue forms and prevents the liver from functioning.
Gallstones
Pebble-like masses in the gallbladder.
Ulcer
Breakdown in the lining of the stomach or small intestine.
Gastroesophogael Reflex Disease (GERD) - Known as gastric reflux or acid reflux
Stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, which causes irritation and inflammation
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
Constipation
Bowel movements that are three per week or fewer, and stools are dry, small, and difficult to eliminate.
Lactose Intolerance
Lack the lactose enzyme required to digest milk sugar (lactose).
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Narrowed arteries due to thickening of the artery walls and plaque (fatty deposit) build up inside the artery.
Angioplasty
A procedure designed to open up a clogged blood vessel by inserting a small balloon into the blood vessel and inflating it.
Stroke
When the brain does not get enough blood (due to a blood clot in the blood vessels of the brain or a blood vessel in the brain bursts open).
Heart Attack
Blood flow to the heart’s blood vessels is blocked (eg. by a blood clot in the heart’s artery) and the heart cannot get enough oxygen and the muscle begins to die.
Arrhythmia
Characterized by fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat.
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood
Laryngitis
Sore throat and raspy voice caused by inflammation of the larynx.
Pneumonia
Decrease of gas exchange caused by inflammation of the alveoli.
Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic disease causing mucus build-up.
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs.
Cell Reproduction
The process by which new cells are formed.
Asexual Cell Reproduction
Cells produced from one parent cell
Sexual Cell Reproduction
Cells produced from two parent cells
Binary Fission
When single celled organisms reproduce by splitting in two.
Daughter Cells
Formed from when a parent cell divides into two.
Body Cells
Cells produced for growth and repair/replacement.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Selectively Permeable Membrane
A membrane through which not all materials compass; some are kept in and some are kept out.
Concentration Gradient
The difference in concentration between the inside and outside of the cell.
Mitosis
The process by which the duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts.
DNA Replication
Chromosomes duplicate (creating sister chromatids) with the chromatids remaining attached to each other at the centrometer.
Phrophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Chromatids condense and chr.omosomes become visible
Metaphase
Chromosomes allign in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Centromere splits and chromatids are pulled apart to each side of the cell.
Telophase
Two daughter nuclei are formed
Cytokinesis
The process by which the cytoplasm divides; completes the process of cell division.
Cell Plate
Forms in the middle of a plant cell during cytokinesis.
Cell Cycle
Controls the production of new cells of a variety of types through interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Interphase
Periods of growth in the life of a cell; consists of two growth stages and a stage of DNA replication.
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