RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Which of the following statements are correct?
1. Normal exhalation during quiet breathing is an active involving intensive
muscle contraction.
2. Passive exhalation results from elastic re-coil of the chest wall and lungs.
3. Air flow during breathing is due to a pressure gradient between the lungs
and the atmosphere air.
4. During normal breathing, the pressure between the two pleural layers
(intrapleural pressure) is always sub-atmospheric.
5. Surface tension of alveolar fluid facilitates inhalation.

2, 3 and 4

Which of the following is/are structural feature/s of the trachea?

C shaped cartilage

A pediatric patient was rush to the ER as he accidentally swallowed a 1 - peso
coin. Upon chest x-ray, the foreign body was seen to be lodged in the right
bronchus. Which of the following explains why foreign bodies tend to lodge in
this area?

The right bronchus is more vertical and shorter in length.

This serous membrane lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Parietal pleura

Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

Pleura

Site of external respiration

Alveoli

Secretes surfactant

Type 2 alveolar cells

Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds

Pharynx

Warms, moistens, and filters air

Nose

Simple squamous epithelial cells that is the site of gas exchange

Alveoli

Houses the vocal cords

Larynx

Voice is produced when air is directed against the vocals folds they vibrate
and produces sound. This is possible when the true vocal folds are adducted
or pulled closely together thereby closing the rima glottidis. The muscle
responsible for this action is:

Lateral cricoarytenoid

The three basic steps of respiration are pulmonary ventilation, external
respiration, and cellular respiration.

False

It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory
reserve volume

Vital capacity

Which of the following is NOT part of the bronchial tree?

Alveoli

Which of the following best explains the process involved in normal, quiet
exhalation?

It is passive process with no contraction of muscles.

During puberty, this cartilage becomes more prominent in males' anterior
neck due to presence of male sex hormones.

Thyroid cartilage

The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds. A superior pair
of folds and an inferior pair of folds. The superior folds, also known as the
false vocal cords are namely referred to as:

Ventricular folds

A cup shaped outpouching lined by simple squamous epithelium and
supported by a think elastic membrane

Alveoli

Which of the following is a causative agent for COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2

While at rest, a healthy adult averages 12-20 breaths per minutes each
inhalation and exhalation moving about 500 ml of air and out of the lungs. The
volume of one breath is termed:

Tidal volume

Functions as a passageway for air and food; resonating chamber for speech
sounds and houses the tonsils.

Pharynx

Pharynx region housing the palatine and lingual tonsils.

Oropharynx

Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea; houses the vocal cords

Larynx

Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

Pleura

Functions in warming, moistening and filtering air; receives olfactory stimuli

Nose

Simple squamous epithelial cells forming a continuous lining of the alveolar
wall; sites of gas exchange

Type 1 alveolar cells

Forms anterior wall of the larynx

Thyroid cartilage

Tubular passageway for air connecting the larynx to the bronchi

Trachea

Cuboidal cells that secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant

Type 2 alveolar cells

Forms inferior wall of the larynx; landmark for tracheotomy

Cricoid cartilage

Prevents food or fluid form entering the airways

Epiglottis

Air passageways entering the lungs

Bronchi

Ridge covered by a sensitive mucous membrane; irritation triggers cough
reflex

Carina

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the tracheal wall layers from
deep to superficial?

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia

This muscle is the most important during normal quiet inhalation

Diaphragm

The respiratory system consists of the following organs/structures. Which
among the choices makes the statement correct.
1. vocal cords
2. Bronchi
3. Windpipe
4. Conchae

1,2,3,4

within the large cavity beyond the nasal vestibule in the anterior aspect of the
skull lying inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the mouth, a hollow
space located within the area is called:

Nasal cavity

The vocal cords are lined by what epithelium?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The following are layers of the tracheal wall from deep to superficial EXCEPT:

None of the above

The external nose is the portion of the nose visible on the face and consists of
a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage. It has been noted to
have three functions except:

Excretes large amounts of water and heat

For inhalation to occur, air pressure in the alveoli must be less than
atmospheric pressure; for exhalation to occur, air pressure in the alveoli must
be greatier than atmospheric pressure.

True

It consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall
of the larynx giving it a triangular shape. This structure is also known as your
"Adam's Apple".

Thyroid cartilage

During contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. They pull on the
arytenoid cartilages causing it to pivot and slide. Contraction of what muscles
allows air entry into the trachea opening the rima glottidis?

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Oxygenated blood from the lungs are sent back to the heart through which
vessels?

Pulmonary veins

Which of the following anatomical structures is NOT part of the conducting
zone?

Alveoli

B.R. is a chronic smoker for 20 years and has a hoarse voice when talking.
Which of the following best explains the voice hoarseness?

Chronic inflammation of the vocal cords interfere with its
contraction/vibration.

The walls of the alveoli consists of two types of alveolar epithelial cells. This
type is considered to be more numerous and is the main site of gas exchange.

Type 1 alveolar cells

Which of the following statements best explains why men's voice have a lower
range of pitch?

Vocal folds are thickened by androgens causing slower vibration

They are paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. They are separated
from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum.

Lungs

The lower respiratory system includes the following structures EXCEPT:

Laryngopharynx

One or two fissures divide each lung into lobes. This fissure is exclusively
located on the Right Lung.

horizontal fissure

What structural changes occur from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles?
1. The mucous membrane changes from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
epithelium to nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium.
2. The number of goblet cells increases.
3. The amount of smooth muscle increases.
4. Incomplete rings of cartilage disappear.
5. The amount of branching decreases.

1, 3 and 4

A large, leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.
This is an important structure during deglutition

Epiglottis

The structure is composed of a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior
wall of the larynx. It is also a landmark for making an emergency airway called
of tracheotomy.

Cricoid cartilage

What happens during contraction of the diaphragm during quiet inhalation?

Dome is lowered and flattened increasing the vertical diameter of the
thorax

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

Nasal cavity

Which of the following forms the respiratory membrane?
I. Type 1 and 2 alveolar cells
II. Epithelial basement membrane
III. Capillary basement membrane
IV. Capillary endothelium

I, II, III and IV