8.1-2 Neoclassicism and Romanticism Co

French Revoultion

Begins in 1789: it was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France, fueled by enlightenment ideals, economic hardship, and the monarchy’s unpopularity, ultimately leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

• profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism.

First French Republic 1792-1794 CE

after the abolition of the French Monarchy, the ____ _____ ______ was established, which lasted until Napoleon named himself Emperor.

_____-_____ CE

Rise of Napoleon

1796 ____ __ ______ (made emperor in 1804)

he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, and exiled to Alba.

1830

July Revolution and overthrow of Bourbon Monarchy. Louis Philippe reigns as constitutional monarch.

1848

February Revolution-overthrow of Louis Philippe’s government. Louis Napoleon elected emperor in 1853 and reigns as

Napoleon III

1871

Napoleon II resigns (abdicated) at end of Franco-Prussian War (France loses) and the Third Republic is proclaimed

Neoclassicism 1750-1810 France, England, America

The Age of Reason and the Enlightenment form the basis of ________. Writers and philosophers inform the Movement.

main ideas:

• “back to nature” (not elaborate social rituals)

• reason and moral integrity (not luxury)

• edification/context (not escape/fantasy)

• depiction of middle class people- the nobility of work and the simple life

Rome and Greece,

Politicians and social activists of the time look to the ancient models of ____ and ______ for inspiration for democracy and human rights.

• Heroism and self-sacrifice, rugged resolve and Spartan simplicity became the hallmarks of the revolutionary spirit.

French Revolution Art

• Adopts the Greek ideal of liberty and democracy in the light of reason and in reaction to the repressive monarchy  “man is born free and everywhere he is in chains”

• Idea of perfection coming out of order and harmony and a noble simplicity

• Painting was used to promote revolutionary ideals and highest virtues of the revolution

Napoleon

• Painting and architecture was at the service of a political agenda-propaganda

• Napoleon called himself the new “Caesar” of a new empire, with Paris as the new Rome-architectural programs promote the grandiose self-image

• Glorification of Napoleon in the painting of the time-large historical paintings commissioned to cast reality in the best possible light.

A reaction against Rococo art

Roots of Neoclassicism:

Neoclassicism is a __________________ who’s function was primarily to please.

18th century Naturalism

Roots of Neoclassicism:

Express a new sensibility in art which reflects new thinking in France (Chardin, Greuze)

- “back to nature” (not elaborate social rituals)  Rousseau

-reason and moral integrity (not hedonism and luxury) Voltaire

-edification / content (not escape/fantasy)                    Diderot

The Enlightenment; the age of Reason

Roots of Neoclassicism:

Rousseau, Locke, Diderot, Voltaire

-a new way of thinking about the world, independent of religion, myth or tradition

Ancient Greece and Rome- revival of interest

Roots of Neoclassicism:

• artists and architects became fascinated with Ancient Greece and Rome due to *new discoveries of antiquity, especially Pompeii

The Grand Tour/ Piranesi

Roots of Neoclassicism:

Piranesi is credited with preserving a record of many of these ruins, as well as creating our modern impression of what Rome might have looked like. His works were popular during his lifetime as a forerunner of the modern souvenir for those in Europe on their Grand Tour.

a prolonged visit to major cultural sites of Southern Europe (especially Italy)

Accompanied by a tutor and servants

-The idea of the “picturesque”

first stop Paris, then the south of France, then Italy, ending in Rome

Vendute

historical renderings (prints – etchings) of ruins (of Rome) for foreign (aristocratic) tourists wanting to take back souvenir from their “Grand Tour”

Carpriccio

renderings (etchings) of ruins (with a fanciful aspect to heighten nostalgic aspect) or architectural rendering of complete fantasy with a “moral” or narrative aspect of the writings of Winckelmann.

The academies

Royal French Academy and the British version-The Royal Academy

the Salons

-yearly shows put on by the Academies, juried by senior members of the Academy

Royal Commission, Louis XVI, French History

• Most influential 

• _____ _________-reflecting taste and values of ___ XVI

• King believed art should improve public morals

• Series of paintings for the minister of arts to ____ XVI showing _____ _____

French Revolution, Reign of Terror

David’s oath soon became an emblem of the _____ _________ of 1789

• New French leaders power in 1793 especially Jacobians, democrats:  engaged in terrorist acts-abolished monarchy-responsible for ____ __ ______ (1793-1794)

• Jacobian (French Assemble) ruthlessly executed all opponents (aristocratic or republican) more than 1300 men and women died in the final six weeks of their rule

Heorism; Absolute Sacrifice

theme painted in unsettling years in France before Revolution, was to demonstrate the need to live by principles and ______ of the stoic value of ______ _____

Jacque-Louis David

Named the First Painter of the Emperor, he was considered one of the best painters in Europe, and never ceased to pursue historical painting.

• demonstrated that his commitments to Neoclassicism and republicanism was second to his patriotism

Revolution, death, Napoleon

A new turn of the ________ a year later brought David to prison and a narrow escape from _____

On his release he became increasingly interested in _______ as the man who could bring order out of revolutionary chaos

David was not only painter to the emperor, but was entrusted with important commissions

Neoclassicism

_____________ is a renewed interest in the art and culture of ancient Greece and later, Rome and artists and architects of the time became fascinated with these periods because:

• Paris was to be the new Rome under Napoleon

• Copying of classical monuments (triumphal arch, column, temple)

Mysticism, Outsider Heroes, Imagination, Sublime, Turbulent emotions, Exotic cultures, Nature

M_______

O______ _____

I________

S______

T______ _______

E______ _______
N______

18th century sensibility

Roots of Romanticism:

“our existence is nothing but a succession of moments perceived through the senses” Rousseau

Rousseau’s writings

Roots of Romanticism: 

“Back to nature” –the soul in union with the natural world

-the concept that nature was a mystical experience

-that when a person became completely “at one” with nature, they lost everything except the sense of being

Goethe’s writings

Roots of Romanticism:

“Feeling is all!”-Sturm and Drang

Gothick novels and writings of Poe, Hugo, and Scott

Roots of Romanticism:

for the Romantics, the gothick sensibility was something mystical, weird and fantastic.

-this imagery merged well with Romantic ideology, which stressed passion and emotion

Roots of Romanticism

5:  English Romantic poets:  Byron, Shelley, Keats and Shakespeare’s plays

6:  Revolutions and social unrest of the 19^th century (in France in 1830 and 1848)

Economic, political, Revolutions

_______, technological and _______ art

____________ dominate the history of the 19th century in Europe and U.S.

Industrial Revolution

Production in factories, transformed life for a large % of the population in the West

Rapidly expanding lower and middle classes concentrated in the cities near their factory jobs, organized to demand democracy and more humane treatment

Institutions, life-styles and class structures that resulted had an important impact on art

During the 19th century, the world seemed to become a smaller place as steam-powered trains and ships led to increased world trade.

Expansion of communications with newspapers printed on high speed printing presses

Developments of the telegraph and telephone

World trade and international fairs

Industrial revolution-mid 19th century

Britain led the world in mechanical production of inexpensive goods for mass public consumption

Same time the Industrial Rev. spread through much of Europe and into America

Fierce competition for global markets for mass-produced goods

Industrial Rev. raised standards of living for larger groups of people, but it also created unsafe working conditions and led to unemployment

Romantic Landscape Painting

Romantic landscape painting generally took one of two forms

(#111 Slave ship) Dramatic-emphasized turbulent or fantastic natural scenery often shaken by natural disasters such as storms and avalanches.

*Aimed to stir viewers emotions and arouse feeling of the sublime. (elevated or lofty in thought, Paradise Lost is sublime poetry)

2. Naturalistic- presenting closely observed images of tranquil nature

JOHN CONSTABLE, The Haywain, 1821. Oil on canvas, London

Thomas Cole

• emigrated from England at 17

• 1820 he was working as a portrait painter taking trips to countryside (NY)

• began to sketch and paint the landscape, which quickly became his main interest

Views of upstate NY became known as HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL. 

• traveled to Europe for a few years and was impressed with Turners (England) landscapes