AMBOSS FREE EVALUATION

dark brown or black urine several hrs after exposure to oxygen

alkaptonuria

alkaptonuria is defect of enzyme ______

homogentisic acid dioxygenase

dimorphic fungus endemic to the eastern and central US that causes blastomycosis, verrucous skin lesions, granulomatous nodules, osteomyelitis, broad-based budding yeast cells

blastomyces dermatitidis

Infusion of calcium chloride results in an increased serum _____ which means increased hormone secretion by _______

calcitonin, parafollicular cells

xanthopsia, vomiting, diarrhea, and bradycardia in a patient with congestive heart failure suggest _____and has a significant relation with _____

diagoxin toxicity, decreased renal function

typically has normal PT and PTT in patients but if it gets severe patients can develop prolonged PTT

von Willebrand factor

bernard-soulier syndrome causes decreased_____

platelet count

a phenomenon in which subjects change their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed

Hawthrone effect

selection bias that occurs because sample groups drawn from a hospital population are more likely to be ill than the general population

Berkson bias

a phenomenon that an investigators knowledge or expectations about an intervention influences the measurement of an outcome

pygmalion effect

the electron micrograph in biopsy in skull shows tennis racket-shaped organelles

Birbeck granules

clonal proliferation of langerhans results in _____, a condition that causes _____ with swelling and pain along with a ____

langerhans cells histiocytosis, lytic skull lesions, skin rash

patient who intake PPI with profuse watery diarrhea after ingestion of seafood

vibrio cholerae

Gs protein elevate levels of ____, which stimulates ____ into the intestinal lumen, which cause ____

cAMP, chloride efflux, watery diarrhea

Gi protein is an effect of _____ which is characterized by _____

pertussis toxin, fever and cough

elongation factor inactivation is an effect of _______

diphtheria toxin ( by corynebacterium diphtheriae) and exotoxin A (produced by pseuomonas aeruginosa)

inactivation of 60S subunit of ribosoome is a mechanism by ______

Shiga toxin : enterocyte damgage and death

pathological activation of guanylate cyclase is the mechanism by ______

heat-stable toxin frome e.coli cause secretory diarrhea that is high in sodium and chloride

deficiency of ____ cause fabry disease which leads to an accumulation of _____

alpha- galactosidase A, ceramide trihexoside

A child with parestheisas, hypohidrosis, angiokeratomas, and cataracts and late manifestations include cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular disease and nephropathy leading to progressive renal failure

Fabry disease

Acute urethritis is most commonly caused by ____

Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoease infection treatment______

doxycycline → intramuscular ceftriaxone

first line treatment for chlamydial urethritis

oral azithromycin

formation of cholesterol gallstones is an adverse effect of _____ which is used to treat hyperlipidemia

fibrate therapy

Ascoff bodies

rheumatic heart disease

The hirsutism and gingival hyperplasia seen in this patient are adverse effects of ____, a medication used as transplant rejection prophylaxis

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine binds cyclophilin to form a complex that inhibits ____ and decreased ____ production and cause nephrotoxicity

calcineurin, IL-2

Pearson correlation coefficient is used to analyze the relationship between ______

two continuous variables

long QT is related with

delayed rectifier potassium channel

long term procainamide can develop ______

drug induced lupus erythematosus

Pruritus, plethora, hyperviscosity syndrome, splenomegaly and JAK2 gene mutation

polycythemia vera

treatment for acute gout attacks _____ is most commonly associated with the gastrointestinal adverse effects seen in this patient

Colchicine : Inhibition of tubulin polymerization, which impedes chemotaxis of neutrophils

a mature defense mechanism in which an unacceptable behavior is replaced with a more socially-acceptable behavior

sublimation

infection to giardia lamblia by contaminated water and metallic taste after treatment mechanism

formation of free radical metabolites

Steatorrhea, multiple duodenal ulcers and prominent gastric folds, and an increased serum gastrin concentration are suggestive of _____

zollinger-ellison syndrome

patient with recurrent kidney stones, polydipsia and polyuria due to primary hyperparathyroidsm, and zollinger ellison syndrome and amenorrhea

MEN 1

genital ulcers, dysuria, and multinucleated giant cells on Tzanck smear

Genital herpes commonly caused by HSV-2

for the treatment of HSV mechanism

guanosine analogs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir

monophosphorylated to an active intermediate by the viral enzyme thymidine kinase

_____ contain the highest concentration of Cytochrome P450 enzymes in theliver and are the most sensitive to meatbolic toxins

Centrilobular hepatocytes

intoxication that cause nystagmus, increased pain tolerance, agitation, hallucinations, ataxia, amnesia and seizures, miosis

Phencyclidine (PCP)

intoxication that cause altered mental status and miosis, respiratory depression, bradycardia and hypotension

Heroin

intoxication that can cause tachycardia, hypertension and agitation, nausea, diaphoresis and chest painmydriasis

cocaine

ureteric bud differentiates into

collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis and ureters

mechanism in the medulla

preganglionic sympathetic fiber secrete ACh

and medulla secrete Norepinephrine & Epinephrine (80%)

SARS-CoV-2 is

single stranded RNA enveloped with helical structure