l20 vaccination

Where have polio resurgences occurred due to difficulty vaccinating?

Afghanistan and northern Nigeria

Can vaccine

derived poliovirus undergo reversion mutations?

How does oral polio vaccine lead to circulating vaccine

derived poliovirus (cVDPV)?

How many cVDPV cases occurred in 2020?

1081

How many cVDPV cases occurred in 2021?

682

How can vaccine virus enter water systems?

Oral vaccines excreted into sewage, can contaminate drinking water if immunity is low

What is the effect if vaccine virus enters drinking water without reversion?

Provides passive immunization safely

What are alternative approaches to vaccination besides live vaccines?

Virus

How do peptide cocktail vaccines work?

Generate many antigens without using a presentation vector

What are advantages of peptide cocktail vaccines?

Safe, wide coverage, comparatively cheap

What are problems with peptide cocktail vaccines?

Safety uncertainties, delivery challenges, effectiveness concerns

Which viruses are anti

viral drugs mainly used against?

Can anti

viral drugs be given to uninfected individuals for prevention?

Which influenza drug is now largely ineffective due to resistance?

Amantadine

What categories of COVID

19 drug treatments use natural antibodies?

Why is convalescent plasma rarely used now for COVID

19?

What are synthetic antibody treatments for COVID

19?

Which drugs directly inhibit viral replication?

RNA polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, viral binding blockers/receptor mimics

What are indirect COVID

19 treatments?

Which anti

parasitic drugs may help COVID

Which drugs target cytokine storms in COVID

19?

Which drugs reduce vascular damage in COVID

19?

Which drugs reduce severity of symptoms in COVID

19?

Which drugs may calm COVID

19 patients?

Which drugs have unclear mechanisms but are used in COVID

19?

Which complementary medicines were trialed for COVID

19?

What is passive vaccination through water?

Individuals acquire immunity when vaccine virus enters drinking water

Does cVDPV initially cause disease in low

immunity populations?

Why can oral vaccines lead to problems in areas with poor sewage systems?

Vaccine virus can contaminate drinking water and revert to virulent form

Do virus

like particle vaccines use live virus?

Are mRNA and DNA vaccines considered part of peptide cocktail strategies?

No, they are separate approaches

Can anti

viral drugs be repurposed for RNA viruses like COVID

Which COVID

19 treatment strategies are symptom