A&P Lab Aerobic Exercise

What are the three main sources of ATP for exercising muscle, ranked from fastest to slowest start?

1. Phosphagen systems (creatine phosphate)

2. Glycolysis

3. Aerobic respiration

Which ATP production system is the most efficient and sustainable for long-term exercise?

Aerobic respiration.

Which cellular organelle is responsible for aerobic metabolism?

The mitochondria.

True or False: Anaerobic metabolism produces more ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic metabolism.

False (Aerobic metabolism produces significantly more ATP per glucose).

What is the primary role of the phosphagen system during the start of exercise?

To provide a very fast, instant source of energy while slower systems (like aerobic metabolism) ramp up.

What does the acronym EPOC stand for?

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.

In the context of exercise physiology, what is 'Oxygen Debt'?

Energy "borrowed" using phosphagen systems and anaerobic glycolysis that must be repaid after exercise ends.

What occurs during the EPOC phase of recovery?

Ongoing oxygen consumption is used to rebuild ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen reserves.

What is the function of the Cori Cycle after exercise?

It converts lactate produced in the muscle back into glucose in the liver.

How does breathing regulation during exercise differ from regulation at rest?

Exercise breathing rises before $CO_{2}$ levels change, triggered by proprioceptors and cognitive anticipation.

Which sensory receptors report motion to the brain to trigger increased breathing at the start of exercise?

Joint and muscle proprioceptors.

What effect does cognitive anticipation (e.g., just standing on a treadmill) have on Alveolar Minute Ventilation (AMV)?

It causes AMV to increase before physical exertion begins.

What effect does sympathetic activation have on the bronchioles during exercise?

It causes bronchiole relaxation (bronchodilation).

How does sympathetic activation affect blood flow to the skin and gut during the onset of exercise?

It causes vasoconstriction, redirecting blood flow away from these areas.

During exercise, what happens to the perfusion of the heart muscle?

Perfusion increases to match the increased workload of the heart.

What is the primary cause of decreased skin temperature during the initial stages of aerobic exercise?

Sympathetic autonomic activation causing peripheral vasoconstriction.

State the formula for Systemic Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) using Cardiac Output and Resistance.

$MAP = \text{Cardiac Output} \times \text{Total Systemic Resistance}$

What is the typical trend for Systolic Blood Pressure as aerobic exercise intensity increases?

It increases significantly.

What happens to Total Systemic Resistance during intense aerobic exercise?

It decreases due to massive vasodilation in the active skeletal muscles.

How does Diastolic Blood Pressure typically respond to increasing aerobic exercise intensity?

It remains relatively stable or may decrease slightly.

List two cardiovascular structural differences found in more aerobically fit individuals.

Larger hearts and a higher density of tiny capillaries in the muscle.

How does the resting heart rate of a 'fit' person compare to an 'unfit' person?

Fit individuals typically have a lower resting heart rate.

How does the speed of heart rate recovery after exercise compare between fit and unfit subjects?

More fit subjects recover their resting heart rate much faster.

In the BIOPAC software, which channel is used to record Air Flow?

Channel 1.

Which BIOPAC channel is calculated by the software rather than being a raw input signal?

Heart Rate (calculated from the ECG).

Which lab instrument is used to measure Percent Saturation ($SpO_{2}$)?

Pulse oximeter.

What is the specific exercise protocol used in this lab experiment?

60 squats (1 sec down, 2 sec pause, 1 sec up) over approximately 5 minutes.

In the BIOPAC recording, which function key is pressed to mark the 'END' of exercise?

F5.

What measurement does the 'Delta-T' analysis box provide in BIOPAC?

The difference in time between two selected points.

What measurement does the 'p-p' (peak-to-peak) analysis box provide?

The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a selected area.

What is the formula for calculating Breathing Rate in breaths per minute using BIOPAC data?

($\text{# of cycles} / \text{Delta-T in seconds}$) $\times 60 \text{ sec/min}$

How long should the BIOPAC recording continue after the subject stops exercising?

At least 5 minutes of post-exercise recovery.

Which function key is used in BIOPAC to mark the onset of sweating?

F3.

True or False: Skin temperature increases immediately at the start of exercise due to muscle heat production.

False (Skin temperature initially decreases due to sympathetic vasoconstriction).

Which lab equipment is used to measure the volume of air moved during breathing?

Spirometer transducer (or spirometer head).

During recovery, what happens to the heart rate of a fit subject compared to an unfit subject?

The heart rate of the fit subject drops more rapidly toward the baseline.

What change in muscle perfusion occurs during exercise to support increased power output?

There is a huge increase in muscle perfusion (redirection of cardiac output).

How many ATP molecules are typically produced from one molecule of glucose through the Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain?

Approximately 36 ATP (2 from Citric Acid Cycle + 32 from ETC/chemiosmosis, plus 2 from glycolysis).

Which measurement is taken using the Omron monitor in this lab?

Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic).

What does the 'Delta' analysis box measure in BIOPAC?

The difference in amplitude (vertical value) between the start and end of a selection.

According to the slides, what is a limiting factor for maximum power output?

Ongoing oxygen delivery for aerobic respiration.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is dominant during strenuous exercise?

The sympathetic nervous system.

What is the relationship between exercise intensity and Tidal Volume ($V_{T}$)?

Tidal Volume increases as exercise intensity increases.

Why is aerobic metabolism slower to start than anaerobic metabolism?

It requires the ramp-up of oxygen delivery and complex mitochondrial pathways.

The _____ system is the very first source of ATP used during the first 10 seconds of exercise.

ATP-creatine phosphate (phosphagen)

During exercise, the _____ increase in cardiac output is accompanied by a _____ in total systemic resistance.

increase; decrease

Vasoconstriction in the _____ and _____ helps redirect blood to active skeletal muscles.

skin; viscera (gut)

The Oxygen deficit occurs at the _____ of exercise, while EPOC occurs at the _____ of exercise.

start; end

In BIOPAC, Channel 2 is dedicated to recording _____.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Concept: Vital Capacity

Definition: The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation; typically larger in fit individuals.

Concept: Phosphagen System

Definition: A rapid energy system using creatine phosphate to phosphorylate ADP into ATP without oxygen. Example: A short 10-second sprint.

Procedure: When should the second blood pressure reading be taken?

Immediately at the end of exercise (right after pressing F5).

What biological process produces $CO{2}$ and $H{2}O$ as byproducts in the mitochondria?

Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration).

What does the 'Heart perfusion up matching increased work' slide imply about cardiac energy needs?

The heart must receive more oxygenated blood to maintain the increased cardiac output required for exercise.

True or False: The respiratory rate remains constant during the first 30 seconds of exercise startup.

False (It rises almost immediately due to neural mechanisms).

Which specific BIOPAC tool would you use to find the peak height of a single breath?

The p-p (peak-to-peak) tool on Channel 1.

What is the purpose of the disposable air filter in the lab setup?

To prevent cross-contamination between subjects using the spirometer.

How many total squats are performed in the lab protocol?

60 squats.

What is the significance of a lower resting heart rate in an athlete?

It indicates a larger stroke volume and a more efficient heart (greater cardiac reserve).

How does exercise intensity affect the duration of the recovery period?

Higher intensity exercise typically results in a larger oxygen debt and a longer recovery period (EPOC).