PLTW Biomedical Science Semester 1 Final Review Diagram | Quizlet

List the Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

3. Prediction

4. Experiment

5. Analyse Data

6. Conclusion

Define Hypothesis

An educated guess

What is the name of the variable that is being measured?

Dependent Variable

What is the name of the variable that is being manipulated/changed?

Independent Variable

Why is it important to document your sources when completing a scientific investigation?

In order to one, give credit to the source to avoid plagiarism as well as making sure that your investigation has gotten information from a trustworthy place.

What are the manners of death?

natural, accident, suicide, homicide, undetermined

What is the difference between cause of death and manner of death?

Manner of death: natural, accident, suicide, homicide, undetermined

Cause of death: what actually caused the person to die (blunt force trauma, lung failure, heart failure, loss of blood, etc.)

What is the purpose of an autopsy?

To determine the manner and cause of death. Also to provide an in-depth examination in order to solve a crime.

What medical professional is responsible for performing autopsies?

Pathologists

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; this molecule is made up of primarily Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, and Carbon, and has four main bases that can pair up with each other. Adenine forms a double Hydrogen bond with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA), and Guanine forms a triple Hydrogen bond with Cytosine. This molecule stores genetic information, and genetic information is determined by the order or sequence of the base pairs.

What is the basic structural unit of DNA?

a Nucleotide

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose (or Ribose in RNA) Sugar, Phosphate Group, and Base (A, T, G, or C)

What are the four Nitrogenous bases? What are their complementary Base?

Adenine = Thymine

Guanine --- (triple bond) Cytosine

What type of bond is found between paired bases of DNA?

Hydrogen Bonds; formed when there is a polar covalent bond between molecules that makes one side positive, and the other side negative. This results in a slight attraction between the two molecules.

What forms the backbone of DNA?

Deoxyribose sugar and Phosphate group.

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

Purines have two rings; pyrimidines have one.

TERM

Phosphate Group

DEFINITION

Made of a Phosphorus and 4 Oxygen, holds a 3- charge; diatomic molecule in a tetrahedral shape.

What bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine and Thymine

What accounts for genetic variation?

The different sequences of DNA or order of the base pairs

When completing DNA extraction, why is there an additional step in isolating plant DNA compared to animal DNA?

Because plant cells have a cell wall around them where animal cells do not.

What is the function of restriction enzymes?

They cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

What are RFLP fragments?

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; what you get when a restriction enzyme cuts a strip of DNA apart.

What is Gel Electrophoresis?

the separation of charges molecules using an electric field. because DNA is negatively charged, running a current along a gel will cause the DNA fragments to swim to the positive end of the gel, creating a distinctive "DNA fingerprint."

What characteristic is DNA separated by when using gel electrophoresis?

Length; shorter ones will move further, longer ones will move not as far.

What are the HIPPAA Privacy Laws?

The HIPAA Privacy Rule. The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals' medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically.

Basically don't give away medical information unless the person wants their info released.

Integumentary System

includes all the external coverings of the body, including the skin, nails, and hair. First lair of protection against pathogens. Barrier to the external world.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs; bones and joints.

Muscular System

Moves the body and moves substances around the body; Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Nervous System

Responds to internal and external changes by activating an appropriate response. Brain, nerves, spinal cord.

Cardiovascular System

Pumps blood around the body; Heart, blood vessels.

Respiratory System

Assists with gas exchange with the external environment' lungs, trachea, bronchus.

Lymphatic'Immune System

Filters fluid in the body and mounts the attack against foreign substances; Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into nutrients; esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

Urinary System

Eliminates waste from the body; Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth and reproduction; adrenal and pituitary glands, ovary, testes.

What is homeostasis?

A state of balance in the body.

What is negative feedback?

An action occurs and the body does the opposite thing in order to go back to homeostasis; blood glucose regulation and temperature.

What bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What is positive feedback?

Feedback that increases the output of a process; childbirth.

TERM

Deoxyribose Sugar

DEFINITION

C5H10O4; missing one oxygen which is why it's Deoxyribose and not ribose.

TERM

Hydrogen Bond

DEFINITION

Dipole-Dipole bond between two bases with hydrogen in them.

TERM

Adenine

DEFINITION

C5H5N5; Purine (two rings)

TERM

Thymine

DEFINITION

C5H6N2O2; pyrimidine (one ring)

TERM

Guanine

DEFINITION

C5H5N5O; Purine (two rings)

TERM

Cytosine

DEFINITION

C4H5N3O; Pyrimidine (one ring)

How does glucose enter cells?

the hormone Insulin binds to an insulin receptor on the cell's surface, which sets off a series of reactions that ultimately makes Glut4 carry a protein straw up to the surface of the cell membrane that is large enough to facilitate glucose diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer.

What is diabetes?

a metabolic disorder which deals with the body's inability to control blood-glucose levels.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

High blood glucose level;

Need to urinate excessively;

Increased thirst and hunger;

Tiredness

What is the normal range for blood sugar levels?

70-110 mg/dL

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

An autoimmune disease in which the cells of the immune system attack and destroy the beta cells in the pancreas that are responsible for producing Insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, which can lead to many dangerous side effects.

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A metabolic disease in which the insulin receptors on the cell membrane become desensitized, and no longer respond to insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, which can lead to many dangerous side effects.

What are the risk factors for Type 1 diabetes?

family history of diabetes; beta cell autoimmunity; autoimmune disease (i.e., beta cell damage); infection; environmental exposure; chemical exposure; dietary exposure

What are some long term effects of diabetes?

Eye Complications

Foot Complications

Skin Complications

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Hearing Loss

Oral Health Problems

Gastroparesis

Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Neuropathy

Kidney Disease

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Stroke

Stress

What hormone raises blood glucose?

glucagon

What hormone lowers blood glucose?

insulin

How does glucose tolerance tests diagnose diabetes?

If the glucose skyrockets and never goes down, then the person has diabetes. It cannot test for type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

How do insulin tests diagnose diabetes?

If the Insulin levels are flatlined, then the person has type 1 (when the glucose levels skyrocket). when the glucose levels skyrocket and the insulin levels skyrocket, but the glucose levels don't go down, then the person most likely has type 2 diabetes.

What is a monomer?

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

What is a polymer?

long chain of monomers.

What is dehydration synthesis?

the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water

What are condensation reactions?

Reactions used to hook together monomers/molecules together by "dehydration" (removing a Hydrogen from one subunit and a Hydroxyl from another)

What suffix is used in biochemistry to name sugars?

-ose

How do our bodies obtain energy from the food we eat?

The breakage of chemical bonds creates ATP, in which the body can use as energy.

What four atoms make up most of the human body?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen.

What is hyperglycemia?

high blood sugar

What is hypoglycemia?

low blood sugar