Introduction to Biomed. Chem. & Lab Diagnostics

These flashcards cover essential concepts from the lecture on biomedical chemistry, lab diagnostics, metabolic pathways, and their regulation.

What are organic substrates mentioned in the lecture?
A) Vitamins and trace minerals
B) Heavy metals and inorganic salts
C) Respiratory gases like oxygen and nitrogen
D) Proteins, carbohydrates (CHO), lipids, and nucleic acids

D) Proteins, carbohydrates (CHO), lipids, and nucleic acids

What is the role of laboratory medicine in patient care?
A) To identify administrative cost-saving measures
B) To provide critical data for diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation of diseases
C) To perform primary surgical interventions
D) To manage outpatient physical therapy schedules

B) To provide critical data for diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation of diseases

What types of samples are used in lab diagnostics?
A) Soil, water, and environmental air quality
B) Purely hair and skin epithelial cells
C) Blood, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, renal stones, and semen
D) Skeletal muscle and nerve tissue exclusively

C) Blood, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, renal stones, and semen

Define 'Normal Ranges/Variations' in lab diagnostics.
A) Statistical ranges established for test results in healthy individuals
B) The absolute maximum values possible for a human being
C) Results obtained spanning a population with active terminal illnesses
D) Average global values for patients currently in intensive care

A) Statistical ranges established for test results in healthy individuals

What is the importance of Quality Assurance in lab testing?
A) To maximize the speed of data entry for technicians
B) To ensure accuracy and reliability of test results
C) To lower the financial cost of chemical reagents
D) To verify that the lab building meets fire safety codes

B) To ensure accuracy and reliability of test results

What is the significance of critical values in lab tests?
A) They are used solely for medical research and database entry
B) They indicate the lab machine requires immediate maintenance
C) They represent the average value of a healthy control group
D) They alert clinicians to urgent medical conditions requiring immediate attention

D) They alert clinicians to urgent medical conditions requiring immediate attention

Define sensitivity in testing.
A) The ability to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections
B) The speed at which a reagent reacts with a clinical substrate
C) The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease
D) The subjective comfort level of a patient during a blood draw

C) The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease

What is specificity in the context of diagnostic tests?
A) The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease
B) The number of specific reagents required to perform a single test
C) The ability to identify one specific amino acid out of twenty
D) The total time a test remains specific to one patient

A) The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease

What are True Positive and True Negative results?
A) Statistical errors found in most diagnostic procedures
B) True Positive: correctly identifies diseased individuals; True Negative: correctly identifies non-diseased individuals
C) True Positive: identifies a healthy person as sick; True Negative: identifies a sick person as healthy
D) These terms refer to the electrical charge of the diagnostic equipment

B) True Positive: correctly identifies diseased individuals; True Negative: correctly identifies non-diseased individuals

What is the formula for Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
A) PPV = [FP / (TP + FP)] \times 100
B) PPV = [TN / (TN + FP)] \times 100
C) PPV = [TP / (TP + FN)] \times 100
D) PPV = [TP / (TP + FP)] \times 100

D) PPV = [TP / (TP + FP)] \times 100

What is the purpose of glycogenesis?
A) To synthesize glycogen from glucose for energy storage
B) To break down fatty acids into Acetyl-CoA
C) To convert atmospheric nitrogen into proteins
D) To dispose of excess water through the renal system

A) To synthesize glycogen from glucose for energy storage

Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur?
A) In the cardiac muscle (50\%) and lungs (50\%)
B) In the brain (100\%)
C) In the liver (90\%) and kidney (10\%)
D) In the stomach (80\%) and spleen (20\%)

C) In the liver (90\%) and kidney (10\%)

Define metabolic pathways.
A) Physical routes that nerve impulses travel through the body
B) Biochemical routes by which substrates are converted into energy and metabolic intermediates
C) Vascular systems that transport nutrients and oxygen to tissues
D) The steps taken by a physician during a patient consultation

B) Biochemical routes by which substrates are converted into energy and metabolic intermediates

What is an anabolic reaction?
A) A chemical reaction that releases thermal energy as a byproduct
B) A metabolic process that breaks down toxins in the liver
C) The loss of carbon atoms from a carbohydrate chain
D) A metabolic process that builds molecules and requires energy

D) A metabolic process that builds molecules and requires energy

What is a catabolic reaction?
A) A metabolic process that breaks down molecules to release energy
B) A reaction used for building DNA and RNA within the nucleus
C) The gain of water molecules during protein synthesis
D) The cooling of the body through perspiration

A) A metabolic process that breaks down molecules to release energy

Define oxidation.
A) The gain of electrons or oxygen atoms in a cell
B) The dilution of a substance with pure water
C) The loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms in a chemical reaction
D) The solidifying of liquid lipids at low temperatures

C) The loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms in a chemical reaction

What does reduction entail in biochemical reactions?
A) The shrinking of the cell nucleus during mitosis
B) The gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms in a chemical reaction
C) The elimination of waste products from the gallbladder
D) The decrease in the total amount of enzymes in a pathway

B) The gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms in a chemical reaction

What is the major function of lipids in the body?
A) They primarily serve to store genetic information in the form of DNA
B) They catalyze all metabolic reactions and act as enzymes
C) They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
D) They provide energy, store energy, and constitute cell membranes

D) They provide energy, store energy, and constitute cell membranes

What is denaturation of proteins?
A) The alteration of a protein's structure, rendering it nonfunctional
B) The synthesis of new polypeptide chains in the ribosome
C) The transport of proteins from the liver to the bloodstream
D) The breakdown of proteins into individual nitrogen atoms

A) The alteration of a protein's structure, rendering it nonfunctional

Explain transamination.
A) The conversion of sugar into carbon dioxide and water
B) The movement of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane
C) The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid
D) The assembly of amino acids into the primary structure

C) The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid

Define deamination.
A) The addition of an amino group to a fatty acid chain
B) The removal of an amino group from an amino acid, preparing it for catabolism
C) The process of synthesizing essential amino acids from fat
D) The removal of water from a polypeptide during folding

B) The removal of an amino group from an amino acid, preparing it for catabolism

What distinguishes essential amino acids?
A) They are the acids found only in the stomach for digestion
B) They are synthesized in high quantities by the heart and brain
C) They are only used during infancy and childhood development
D) They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet

D) They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet

What are the stages of protein structure?
A) Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
B) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta layers
C) Internal, external, central, and peripheral configurations
D) Solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma states

A) Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

What are fatty acids composed of?
A) Long chains of glucose molecules with a phosphate head
B) Nitrogenous bases attached to a ribose sugar
C) Chains of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end
D) Metal ions coordinated with vitamin complexes

C) Chains of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
A) Saturated are healthy; unsaturated are toxic to the liver
B) Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds
C) Saturated acids contain nitrogen; unsaturated acids contain sulfur
D) Saturated are only found in plants; unsaturated are only in animals

B) Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds

What is the function of ATP in metabolism?
A) It acts as the primary structural component of the cytoskeleton
B) It serves as a signaling hormone for cellular division
C) It provides the template for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
D) It serves as the main energy currency of the cell

D) It serves as the main energy currency of the cell

What does glycolysis produce?
A) Pyruvate and ATP from the breakdown of glucose
B) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide from the synthesis of water
C) Amino acids from the breakdown of muscle tissue
D) Lipids from the conversion of extra carbohydrates

A) Pyruvate and ATP from the breakdown of glucose

Identify the end product of the Krebs cycle.
A) Glucose and fructose from the breakdown of sucrose
B) Lactic acid and ethanol from fermentation process
C) Carbon dioxide (CO{2}) and water (H{2}O) from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA
D) Pure hydrogen atoms and kinetic energy

C) Carbon dioxide (CO{2}) and water (H{2}O) from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA

What is the role of NAD and NADP in metabolic reactions?
A) Both are storage molecules for excess nitrogen in the blood
B) NAD serves as an oxidizing agent in catabolism, while NADP acts as a reducing agent in anabolism
C) NAD acts to build membranes; NADP acts to break them down
D) Both act as structural proteins in the secondary structure

B) NAD serves as an oxidizing agent in catabolism, while NADP acts as a reducing agent in anabolism

What are the two main processes that proteins undergo for energy production?
A) Distillation and evaporation
B) Transcription and translation
C) Oxidation and hydration
D) Amino acid catabolism and anabolism

D) Amino acid catabolism and anabolism