Unit 1 – Introduction to Fluency Disorders; secondary/associated stuttering behaviors; ABCs, characteristics of stuttering

Name and describe the secondary/associated stuttering behaviors

Escape and avoidance behaviors

Escape Behaviors

Attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word; Eye blinks, Head nods, Interjections

Avoidance Behaviors

Anticipates stuttering and recalls a negative experience, Resorts to behaviors previously used to escape a moment of stuttering; May change the word he was planning on saying; May become strong habits resistance to change

List various characteristics of secondary stuttering behaviors

nose Flaring/wrinkling; forehead wrinkling; Rapid eye blinking; Tight eye closure; lip pursing/quivering; Abnormal jaw movements; Abnormal head/neck movements; Abnormal oral postures; Repeated mouth opening/closing; Tongue clicks; Teeth grinding/chattering; Abnormal torso movement; hand Wringing; fist clenching; hand/foot tapping; rubbing flor with shoe soles

ABC's of stuttering

Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive

Affective

Most persons who stutter tend to exhibit various emotional reactions about talking

Affective specific fear and avoidance behaviors could include

Fear/avoidance of speaking situations; Avoidance of certain sounds or words; Avoidance of certain kinds of audience; Feeling of frustration in expressing themselves; Anxiety about or anticipation, apprehension, or dread of difficulty in expressing themselves; Fear of speaking situations; Fear of certain words or sounds; Fear of harsh listener reactions; General unpleasantness associated with speech

Behavioral

Stuttering behaviors; Secondary behaviors/associated motor behaviors; Physiological activities; Phonatory and laryngeal problems

Cognitive Aspects

speaker's perceptions of what causes the words to block provides insight into the person's stutter experience

Cognitive aspects; may have heard parents/teachers/relatives say

he is thinking faster than he can talk/he has so much to say and he just can't get it all out at once

Cognitive aspects; considerations

Could there be some differences in cognitive process of people who stutter, making selection, planning, preparation of speech more difficult; essentially creating an "overload" yielding disordered speech?

Social Dynamics

When listeners pay close attention to stuttering events, actual message of the person who stutters can be lost; can limit class participation, career choices, initiation of dating and new social relationships, and adjustment to new environments

other characteristics of stuttering

Physiological activity, phonatory and laryngeal problems

Physiological activity

Respiratory problems associated with dysfluent speech

Physiological activity examples

Attempts to speak during inhalation; Attempts at continued speech production even though the air supply has been exhausted; Interruption of inhalation by exhalation and vice versa; Jerky and arrhythmic breathing during stuttering; Uneven flow of air during speech; Prolonged expirations or inhalations; Cessation of breathing during speech

Phonatory and Laryngeal Problems

Stuttered speech is associated with varied laryngeal abnormalities that can be directly observed through video endoscopes and other instrumentation

Compared to speakers who do not stutter, the following phonatory and laryngeal problems are noted in those who stutter

Slow or delayed onset of phonation. Delayed termination of phonation, Slow onset/termination of phonation when a signal is given to start or stop phonation

Characteristics of phonatory and laryngeal problems

Slow/delayed onset of phonation; Delayed termination of phonation; Slow onset/termination of phonation; Increased laryngeal muscle activity; Increased tension in vocal folds; Tremors/rigidity of vocal folds; Simultaneous contraction of abductor/adductor muscles

Define cluttering

Rapid and irregular speech rate and indistinct articulation; Generally hurried speech even under normal circumstances; Also known as tachyphemia; May co-exist with stuttering, however, stuttering does not co-exist with cluttering

Cluttering prevalence

In Germany, prevalence rate is 1.8% of 7- to 8-year-old children; Prevalence in the U.S. is unknown, Cause is unknown

characteristics of cluttering

Rapid, indistinct (unintelligible) speech, Jerky or stumbling rhythm, Omission/compression of sounds and syllables, Rapid repetitions of syllables, along with other forms of disfluencies, Monotonous tone, Not anxious about speech or speaking situations, Reduced awareness or lack of concern, More common in males

Define neurogenic stuttering

Also known as Stuttering Associated with Acquired Neurological Disorder (SAAND), Fluency disorder associated with neurologic disorders

Explain the characteristics of neurogenic stuttering

Presence of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs), Diagnosis of a neurologic condition or disease, Occurrence of stuttering for the first time in their life, Direct correlation of stuttering and a neurologic condition, Onset at any age