eng and matter exchange iin the biosphere

what the bio

biosphere

all living things that inhabit the earth and the environment that supports it

hydrosphere

all water that exists in the biosphere, including ice, solid water and gas

lithosphere (geosphere)

earths crust and upper mantle— including oceanic and continential

atmosphere

layers of gases that surrond the earth due to its gravitational pull— different layers include; tropo, strato, meso, thermo and exo

organic compounds

contains carbon — nearly all gases in the atmopshere are inorganic other than carbon

solar energy

earth as a closed system— total energy absorbed by the earth in an hour is more than the eng earth uses in a year

geothermal energy

earth as a closed system— energy derived from the gravitational pull of large masses

producers/autotrophs

organism that produces its own food from light energy or chemical energy

consumers/heterotrophs

an organism that ncannot synthesize its own food like a producer so they get their energy by eating producers for their eng

chemiosynthesis

process where certain deep sea fungi use chemical energy to turn carbon into food energy like starches and sugars due to the absence of light

1st law of thermodynamics

eng cannot be created nor destroyed. only transferred from one to another

2nd law of thermodynamics

heat goes from hot to cold

what is lost energy?

energy transferred that result in wasted or unusable energy

trophic levels

the feeding level in which an organism belongs in a food chain

food chain

a linear pathway that describes the transfer of eng through species that eat eachother in a trophic level

food web

a model of energy(or food) though an ecosystem

ecosystem

a geographical are where species coexist

primary consumers/herbivores

an organism that gets energy by eating producers/plants

secondary consumers/carnivores

organism that gets energy by eating primary consumers/herbivores

tertiary consumers

eats both primary and secondary consumers— a type of carnivore that goes up and up- but has the least amount of energy tranferred to them

omnivore

getsn its energy from both producer and consumers

decomposers

decomposes waste and gets its energy from it

why is there less energy the higher you go on a food chain/pyramid

10% of energy originating from the sun is transferred to the next trophic level, the rest is lost energy due to heat

what are ecological pyramids for

provide the ability to show quantative data from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels

pyramid of numbers

big number of producers at the bottom of the pyramid, smallest number of consumers at the top of the pyramid. this is a constant unless— the size of the consumer at top is smaller

pyramid of biomass

mass of all living things per unit of an area. can include non livng things sometimes, when inverted— has more area at the top rather than the bottom

pyramid of energy

always more energy at the bottom than the top

biomagni fication

build up of toxins and chemicals in an organism that gets more and more infected at they move up trophic levels