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John Wycliffe
An English theologian who advocated for the translation of the Bible into English and criticized the Catholic Church's corruption.
Jan Hus
Czech theologian who criticized the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences; burned at the stake for heresy.
Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who called for reform of the Catholic Church and influenced Martin Luther.
Savonarola
Italian friar who condemned the corruption within the Catholic Church and was executed for heresy.
Sola Scriptura
The principle that the Bible is the only source of divine revelation and authority in Christianity.
Sola Fide
The belief that salvation is attained through faith alone, not by works.
Council of Trent
A key event in the Catholic Reformation that addressed criticisms of the Church and reaffirmed its teachings.
Peace of Augsburg
The 1555 treaty that allowed each prince in the Holy Roman Empire to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
Thirty Years' War
A major religious conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648 between Catholics and Protestants.
Papal Authority
The power held by the Pope, which was criticized for being excessive during the Reformation.
Calvinism
A Protestant theological system based on the teachings of John Calvin, including the doctrine of predestination.
Anabaptists
A group of Protestant reformers who advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.
Baroque Art
An artistic style characterized by exaggerated motion, clear detail, and emotional intensity that emerged in the 17th century.
Mannerism
A style that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by elongated proportions and complex compositions.
Luther's 95 Theses
A list of grievances against the Catholic Church, posted by Martin Luther in 1517, which sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola to promote Catholic education and missions.
Cuius regio, eius religio
The principle established by the Peace of Augsburg that states the ruler of a territory determines its religion.
Roman Catholic Church Corruption
Widespread belief among reformers that Church leaders were more concerned with wealth and power than with spiritual matters.
Dutch Banking System
A new form of banking developed as a result of the economic changes brought about by the Protestant Reformation.
Economic Developments of the Reformation
Increased international trade, growth of capitalism, and rise of new industries like textiles and mining.
Edict of Nantes
The 1598 decree that granted religious toleration to Huguenots in France and ended the French Wars of Religion.
Religious Conflicts in France
A series of wars from 1562 to 1598 between Catholics and Huguenots leading to significant social and political upheaval.
Louis XIV
The French monarch often associated with absolutism, claiming absolute power over his subjects.
Political Factors of the Reformation
The rise of nation-states and decline of feudalism shifted power from the Church to secular rulers during the Reformation.
Martin Luther
A German monk whose writings, especially the 95 Theses, sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Diet of Worms
A formal assembly in 1521 where Martin Luther was declared an outlaw after refusing to recant his teachings.
William Tyndale
An English scholar who translated the Bible into English; executed for heresy.
Spanish Armada
A large fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, representing the Catholic response to Protestant expansion.
Huguenots
French Protestants who faced persecution and conflict with Catholics during the French Wars of Religion.
The Protestant Work Ethic
The belief that hard work, frugality, and diligence are a result of a person's faith and can influence economic success.
Congregationalism
A form of church governance where each congregation independently manages its affairs, prominent in Puritan and separatist movements.
Zwinglianism
A form of Protestantism founded by Ulrich Zwingli, emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible and a rejection of traditional practices.
Missions of the Jesuits
The global missions undertaken by Jesuits aimed at spreading Catholicism and education in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
