Brainstem

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33 Terms

1
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What role does the reticular formation have?

Regulates consciousness and sleep wake cycles

2
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What happens if there is a lesion in the reticular activating system (RAS)?

Stuporous state (slowed down and reduced ability to respond to stimuli)

3
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What happens if there is a lesion to the reticular inhibitory system (RIS)?

Constant wakefulness

4
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Does the reticular formation play a role in control of muscle tone?

Yes; the reticulospinal tracts can influence the alpha and gamma motor neurons. This influences tone in antigravity muscles

5
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What are the 4 major functions of the reticular formation?

  1. Regulation of consciousness (RAS & RIS)

  2. Control of muscle tone

  3. Control of pain

  4. Regulation of circadian rhythm

6
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Broadly, what does the midbrain do?

Relay system; transmits information for vision and hearing

7
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What is the tegmentum?

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

<p>Red nucleus and substantia nigra </p>
8
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What is the tectum?

Superior and inferior colliculi

9
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What cranial nerves come form the midbrain?

3 & 4

10
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Where in the brainstem is the cerebral aqueduct located?

Midbrain

11
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What are the structures that are in the midbrain (internally)?

  • Cerebral aqueduct

  • CN 3 & 4

  • Tectum (Superior colliculi [pair] and inferior colliculi [pair])

  • Tegmentum (red nucleus / substantia nigra)

12
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What is the function of the substantia nigra?

  • Contributes to the control of movement (and reward)

  • Produces the NT dopamine

  • Responsible for relaying messages that plan and control body movement.

13
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What is the function of the ventral tegmentum?

Regulates reward consumption, learning, memory, and addictive behaviors through mediate dopamine release

14
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What is the funciton of the red nuclei?

Within tegmentum that is involved with coordination of sensorimotor information

15
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What structures does the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) supply?

Cerebellum and midbrain

16
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What structures does the AICA supply?

Cerebellum and pons

17
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What structures does the PICA supply?

Cerebellum and medulla

18
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What does the pons do?

  • Relay system

  • Mediates motor information on an unconscious level

    • Ex. making fine motor adjustments in the muscles to perform precise coordinated limb movement

19
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What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles (middle, inferior, and superior)?

Carry sensory information from the pons to the cerebellum about the body’s position in space

20
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What is the primary difference between the middle, inferior, and superior cerebellar peduncles?

The superior also carries information from the cerebellum to the thalamus

21
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Where is the 4th ventricle located?

Posterior pons

22
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What CNs are located in the pons?

CNs 5-8

23
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The pons is mainly supplied by what arteries?

Pontine arteries.

Smaller part of blood supply also comes form the AICA and SCA

24
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Where are ANS centers located in the brainstem? What does it control?

Medulla; BP, HR, respiration, reflex functions (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing)

25
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What CNs are located in the medulla?

CNs 9-12

26
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Would damage to CN nuclei cause ipsilateral or contralateral deficits?

Ipsilateral

27
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Would spinal cord tract damage in the brain stem cause ipsilateral or contralateral deficits?

Contralateral

28
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What is a persistent vegetative state (PVS)? What causes it?

Pt can open their eyes but do not have cognitive function and awareness

Typically results from cardiac or respiratory arrest (ischemia; 4-6 mins will cause PVS)

29
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What structure is spared in PVS? What does this mean?

Brainstem typically spared; means cough, gag, and swallowing reflexes remain intact.

30
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What is brain death?

All brain functions are lost

31
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Can the heartbeat continue when brain death occurs? Why or why not?

It can continue because it is semi-autonomous from ANS regulation

32
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Is there extensive damage to the RIS or RAS if brain death occurs?

RAS

33
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Are cough, gag, and swallow reflexes still intact or are they lost when brain death occurs?

They are lost