RESPIRATORY FINALS ANAPHY

Respiration

Breathing

Ventilation

External Respiration

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Internal Respiration

What are the four processes of breathing?

Ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

External Respiration

Exchange of gasses between the air in the lungs and blood.

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissues.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)

The regulator for maintaining blood pressure; converts angiotensinogen from kidneys.

External Nose

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

What are the Upper Respiratory Tract?

Trachea

Bronchi and Smaller bronchioles

Lungs

What are the Lower Respiratory Tract?

External nose

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

What are the Conducting Zone?

Alveoli

Lungs

What are the Respiratory Zone?

External Nose

The visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face.

Hyaline cartilage plates

The largest part of the nose is composed of _____.

Nasal Cavity

Extends from nares to choanae.

Nares/Nostrils

Are the external opening of the nose.

Choanae

Are the opening into the pharynx.

Nasal Septum

Divides the nasal cavity into left and right.

Cartilage

What is the Anterior of the Nasal Septum made of?

Vomer bone and Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

What is the Posterior of the Nasal Septum comprises of?

Hard Palate

Formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bone.

Floor of the nasal cavity; separates the nasal and oral cavity.

Conchae

Three bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.

Meatus

Is the passageway beneath each conchae.

Superior and middle meatus

Openings of Paranasal sinuses

Inferior meatus

Opening of nasolacrimal ducts

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled spaces within the bone; production of mucus.

Influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.

Vestibule

Is lined with hairs that traps large particles that are being brought in the nasal cavity

Nasal septum and Nasal conchae

Increases the surface area which makes the air flow turbulent, increasing the chances air attaching in the mucus membrane.

Pharynx

Throat; the common opening of both digestive and respiratory system.

It receives air from the nasal cavity, along with food and drinks from the oral cavity.

Nasopharynx

Located posterior to the choanae and superior to soft palate.

Soft palate, Uvula, Adenoid

What are the three parts of the Nasopharynx?

Soft palate

Separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx; incomplete part of pharynx.

Uvula

Posterior extension of the soft palate.

Adenoid

Also known as the pharyngeal tonsil, helps defend the body against infection.

Oropharynx

Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis.

Fauces

is the opening of the oral cavity that contains two tonsils.

Palatine and Lingual tonsils

What are the two tonsils of the Fauces?

Laryngopharynx

Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx.

This is where food and drinks pass through to get to the esophagus.

Larynx

Voice box; passageway of air between pharynx and the trachea

Located in the anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the Larynx and Trachea (with numerous goblet cells) lined with?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What does the two pairs of ligaments of the Larynx lined with?

9 Cartilages (6 paired [3 pairs], 3 unpaired)

How many cartilages does the Larynx consists of?

Vestibular folds

False vocal cords; covers superior ligaments.

Vocal folds

True vocal cords; covers inferior ligaments.

Artenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform cartilage

What are the paired cartilages?

Arytenoid Cartilage

Articulates with the posterior superior border of cricoid cartilage.

Corniculate Cartilage

Attached with the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilage.

Cuneiform Cartilage

Contains mucus membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilage.

Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Epiglottis

What are the unpaired cartilages?

Thyroid Cartilage

Largest cartilage; unpaired thyroid cartilage also known as Adam’s apple

Cricoid Cartilage

Most inferior, forming the base of the larynx where the cartilages rest

Epiglottis

Elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage; attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly as a free-flap towards the tongue that covers the trachea.

Higher pitched

Produced by anterior parts of the folds vibrate.

Low pitched

Longer sections of the folds vibrate.

Cilia

Sweeps the trapped debris into larynx until it reaches the digestive system.

Trachea

Windpipe; a membranous tube attached to the larynx with 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage, which supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea by protecting and maintaining an open passageway for air.

Trachealis muscle

Posterior part of the trachea is devoid of cartilages, but instead consists of elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle called ______

Esophagus

Lies immediately posterior to the cartilage free wall of the trachea.

Mucus

Goblet cells release ____ which traps inhaled foreign particles.

Smoker’s cough

This is a constant long-term irritation to the trachea that causes tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelium.

Tracheobronchial Tree

This refers to the respiratory system beginning with the trachea up to all the passageway air will pass through.

Main bronchi

Are supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage connected by smooth muscle and are further divided into smaller bronchioles; 16 generations of branching.

Lobar bronchi (Secondary bronchi)

Main bronchi divides into ____ with each lung

Cartilage plates

The C-shaped cartilages are replaced with _____.

Left Lung

2 lobar bronchi

Right Lung

3 lobar bronchi

Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)

Lobar bronchi give rise to _____ then continue to branch giving rise to bronchioles (< 1 mm in diameter).

Terminal bronchioles

Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even smaller ____, which have no cartilage and the smooth muscle layer is more prominent.

Alveoli

Small air-filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place; ~300 million in numbers, 250 um in diameter with extremely thin walls.

Alveolar ducts

Are like long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with two or more alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to two or more alveoli.

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the membrane lining of Alveoli?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

What is the membrane lining of bronchioles

Macrophages

Remove the debris in the air, they come from nearby lymphatic vessels or inter terminal bronchioles.

Type I Pneumocytes

Thin squamous epithelial cells (90%); most of the gas exchange happens in these cells.

Type II Pneumocytes

Round cube shaped secretory cells that release surfactant which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration.

Fluid Lining

Alveolar epithelium

Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium

Interstitial space

Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium

Capillary endothelium

What are the layers of the Respiratory Membrane?

Simple squamous epithelium

The alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium composed of

Lungs

Principal organ of the respiratory and one of the largest organ in the body (on the basis of volume).

620g

How many grams is the right lung

560g

How many grams is the left lung

cone-shaped

Each lung is ____ with its base resting on the diaphragm and its apex is extended to a point ~2.5 cm superior to the clavicle.

Hilum

is a region in the medial surface where the structures enter or exit the lung (root of the lung).

Cardiac notch

Is the indentation of lungs.

Fissures

Lungs differ in lobes, which are separated by ___.

3 lobes

How many fissures are in the right lung?

2 lobes

How many fissures are in the left lung?

Bronchopulmonary segments

Lobes are divided into _____, which differs depending on the lungs.

10 lobes

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

9 lobes

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

Lobules

Bronchopulmonary segments are further divided into ____.

Pleural cavity

The lungs are contained within the thoracic cavity, and each lung is surrounded by a separate _____.

Filled with pleural fluid; lubricant and hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes.

Pleural serous membrane

What is the pleural cavity formed by?

Visceral pleura, mediastinum, parietal pleura

What are the three parts of the pleural cavity?

Visceral pleura

Covers the surface of the lungs.

Mediastinum

Middle line partition; formed by the heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated structures.

Parietal pleura

Covers the inner thoracic wall

Shift to the right

pH goes down, CO2 and temperature goes up

Shift to the left

pH goes up, CO2 and temperature goes down

Medullary Respiratory Center

Regulates rate and depth of breathing.

Diaphragm

2 dorsal groups stimulate the _____.

Intercostal and abdominal muscles

2 ventral groups stimulate the ____ and ____.

Pontine Respiratory group

Collection of neurons in the pons.

Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration.