Gas exchange and respiration

how is oxygen taken up?

diffusion, gills, contact with water, circulation, water flow

cnidaria gas exchange

simple diffusion across whole body surface using cilia

porifera gas exchange

water drawn into sponge via porocytes by choanocytes and exits via osculum

annelida gas exchange

external gills that water passes over 

mollusca gas exchange gastropods

ctendium gills inside mantle cavity

mollusca gas exchange nudibranchs

external gills

mollusca gas exchange cephalopods

2-4 gills, no cilia, cutaneous gas exchange over body surface

mollusca gas exchange bivalves

siphons to in/exhale water and pass over gills

echinoderm gas exchange

gas exchange on tube feet/arboral papulae (small bumps)

arthropod gas exchange

gills in branchial chamber, water drawn in by gill bailers

cirriped gas exchange

limbs/skin as respiratory surfaces

operculum

helps ventilate gill surface and maintain concentration gradient for co2/o2 diffusion

fish gas exchange

countercurrent closed circulatory system with gills

intertidal fish gas exchange

moist skin and buccal pumps

marine mammal gas exchange

small collapsible lungs, restricted circulation, high RBC counts to bind to oxygen under pressure

haemocynanin (Cu)

molluscs and arthropods

hemerythrin (Fe)

sipunculids, some polychaetes, priapulids, brachiopods

chlorocruonin (Fe)

some polychaetes

haemoglobin (Fe)

echinoderms, polychaetes, arthropods, vertebrates, nematodes, etc.

anaerobic invertebrate adaptations for aerial exposure

produce lactic acid for energy and neutralise it in shell