dds exam 2 pencils-work in progress

without fluids or when lying down

solid dosage form takes longer if taken ____ or ___

ionization

low pH can be important for the dissolution of weak base drugs in the stomach because ___ is favored

surface area 600 fold

the duodenum and upper jejunum are major sites for drug absorption with the presence of folds, villii, microvilli increasing _________ compared to a smooth surface

nonionized

most drug absorption in the small intestine thus favoring the ___ form of drugs

delay the onset of action

a delay in gastric emptying can ___

concentration gradient

GI perfusion maintains a ___

heart failure

condition that reduces GI perfusion and thus reduced drug bioavailability

8oz or 250ml of water

bioavailability of drug is better if taken with ___

anticholinergic properties

drugs with ____ can reduce gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying, and GI motility

tetracycline, ciprofloxacin

drugs that form complexation with calcium, magnesium, or aluminum

reducing their bioavailability

antacids with calcium, magnesium or aluminum can complex with certain drugs thus ___

trituration

1. reducing particle size by rubbing in a mortar
2. A potent powdered drug mixed with a suitable diluent

more stable in the solid state

oral powders and granules are usually more ____

reconstituted powder packets

oral powders and granules are convenient and easily ___

not recommended for most

disadvantage of oral powders:
potential misunderstanding of correct method of use: some may chose to take it dry but this is:

teaspoonful or tablespoonful

disadvantage of oral powders: in dosing ____
- volumes vary
-heaping vs rounded

comminution

process of particle size reduction

hygroscopicity

tendency of a substance to take up atmospheric moisture

exposed surface area

the smaller the particle size the faster the dissolution because greater___

eutectic

two or more substances that liquefy when intimately mixed at room temperature

impurity

certain drugs can liquefy when mixed together because the melting points are lowered to below room temp
-this occurs because each of the substances is an ___ to each other

comminution

process of particle size reduction

wedgewood

mortar best of comminution

colored or potent materials

wedgewood is not a good choice for

glazed porcelin

mortar good for blending powders but not as good for comminution

glass

mortar with smooth surface so less comminution, but adequate for most needs

dosage uniformity

homogeneous mixing is essential for __

different particles will flow at different rates

achieving homogeneity in a mixture is not a simple task because __

geometric dilution

successive equal volume additions of diluent to a concentrate, with thorough mixing between each addition

uniform

for geometric dilution: at each step the mixture is made ___ before the next step

taste making

efferescence aids in __

co2

effervescenct powders/granules release

refrigeration

most antibiotic powders/ granules require ___ after reconstitution

non-aqueous

hard gelatin capsules are usually filled with a powder, but some are available for _____ liquids

great versatility of contents

hard gelatin capsules have _______ : can hold solids, semisolid liquids(except WATER), tablets, other capsules

mask taste and help reduce drug degradation

hard gelatin can protect of mask the ingredients within which __

relatively easy to swallow and tasteless

hard gelatin capsules have patient acceptance since

the capsule shell or drug

moisture can transfer between the shell, contents, and atmosphere to hard gelatin capsules which an alter____

the capsule sticks to the esophagus

hard gelatin capsules have the possibility for esophageal adhesions: _____

150k per hour

industrial filling of hard gelatin capsules is a high speed operation: can produce more than

animal skin and bones

hard capsule shell composition:
gelatin is derived from collagen which comes from

dissolves, softens

hard capsule shell gelatin has good solubility so it _____ in body fluids at body temp, and ___ in cooler fluids

manufacture

hard capsule shell gelatin has a good film which is critical for

cellulose derivatives

provides an alternative material for capsule shells for vegetarians

Colorants/Opacifiers

Help identify the capsule, and protect or hide the contents

opacificer

titanium dioxide

lower

larger the capsule , the __ number

tapped density

Mass of the powder divided by the total volume it occupies after tapping until little further volume change occurs

bulk density

ratio of mass of an untapped powder to its volume (includes contribution of interparticulate void volume)

0 to 3

___ sizes are the best

too hard to swallow

too big of a capsule can be ____

hard to handle

too small of a capsule can be __

10, 18mL

verterinary capsule sizes are size ___ and can hold up to __

diluent

tablet or capsule excipient that acts as a filler to make up the required bulk in formulation

diluents

lactose and starch are __

glidants

tablet or capsule used to reduce interparticulate friction, thereby improving particle flow

lubricants

table/capsule excipent used to reduce particle to metal adhesion, thereby assisting free flow of particles

disintegrants

an excipient used in tablets/capsules to promote their disintegration

different bioavailability

different excipients have different properties that can lead to ____

so don't causally interchange

not rate-limiting and aided by enzymes

the dissolution of the hard gelatin shell is not ______ and ___

disperse the powder

rate of penetration for hard gelatin capsules is need to __

expose the particles

rate of deaggregation of hard gelatin capsules is important to ___

Hydrophilic diluents

can draw in GI fluids thus increase dispersibility of hard gelatin capsules

decrease dispersibility

increased packing density can ____ hard gelatin capsules

aggreggate

if poorly soluble hard gelatin capsules are not dispersed they may ____ and be hard to dissolve

lubricant

magnesium stearate is a___

drug is dissolved or more ready to dissolve

liquids in soft gelatin capsules improve bioavailability because

oxsoralenUltra

soft gelatin capsule that exhibits significantly greater bioavailability and faster effects than hard gel product...... cannot interchange

formulation or the shell

soft gelatin capsules have the potential for migration that can affect the ___

liquids

soft gelatin capsules are not as versatile as hard shell capsules because they're limited to

plasticiziers

substance added to formulations to achieve softness and flexibility

plasticizer

glycerol, propylene, glycol, peg, and sorbital are ___ and added to soft gelatin capsule shell

vegetable or soybean oil

soft gelatin capsules have water -immcisible oils like

miscible

liquids that completely dissolve in each other in all properties

PEG, polyethylene glycols

water-soluble polymers of ethylene oxide and water, found in soft gelatin capsules

it will soften the shell too much

only about 10% maximum water allowed in soft gelatin capsule because

drug is solubilized in forumulation

advil liquigel claims faster absorption than tablet because ___

bioavailability or GI side effects

for ALL oral dosage forms, follow instructions on taking with or without food, it can affect ___

full 8 oz of water

take tablet or capsule with ____ to prevent esophageal adhesion and to help with dissolution

epithelial damge

tablet or capsule can adhere to esophagus which is followed by

narrow and coated with mucus/little water

lumen of the esophagus is _____ giving it potential for injury

local dissolution at high concentration

it can be dangerous of esophageal adhesion because its a _____ leading to possible irritation, inflammation, ulceration, dsyphagia

-chemical effects(high osm or acidity as contents dissolve
-pharmacological effects of the drug

possible mechanisms of esophageal adhesions for oral tablet/ drugs

esophageal adhesion

larger pill, more likely for

not taken with enough fluid

surface properties of esophageal adhesions can occur if

100mL of water

take tablet/capsule with at least ____ if non increased risk of esophageal adhesion

esophageal adhesions

elderly pt may have impaired swallowing leading to higher chance of ___

supine

_____ position increases risk of esophageal adhesions

while standing, with a glassful of water, at least one hour before recumbancy

to minimize risk of esophageal adhesion, take tablet or drug ___, ____, _____

well-developed technology

oral tablets have relatively low cost production due to __

solid-state stability

oral tablets are ___ state

limited dosage flexibility

oral tablets have _____: certain strengths for each drug

formulation

oral tablets have a complex _______:

hard and durable, but dissolve fast enough

oral tablets should be _____ but ___

250 per second

oral tablets are manufactured at high speeds, some machines can produce ___

ID or scoring

punches for oral tablets often have raised or recessed impressions for ___

powder must flow well into dies

when compressing powder for oral tablet: fluidity is important because

forming a stable intact mass when pressure is applied

when compressing powder for oral tablet: compressibility is important because

granules are fairly uniform

granules are important in forming tablets, prevent stratification since __

adhesive excipient

granules are important in forming tablets: improve compressibility in part due to an __