WHAP unit

Confucianism

A philosophy that taught human society is hierarchical by nature and society was composed of unequal relationships.

Filial Piety

Practice of honoring ones ancestors or parents

Neo-Confucianism

An evolution of Confucian thought that incorporates Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Foot binding

A practice in Chinese culture involving tightly binding the feet of young girls to alter their shape, reflecting social status and beauty standards.

Bureaucracy

Governmental entity that carries out the will of the emperor

Civil service exam

A rigorous examination system in imperial China used to select candidates for the bureaucracy based on Confucian principles and knowledge.

Buddhism

A major world religion originating in India and spread to china by the Han dynasty that emphasizes the path to enlightenment through moral living, meditation, and understanding the nature of suffering.

Theravada Buddhism

The oldest school of Buddhism, predominant in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, focusing on escaping the cycle of birth and death.

Mahayana Buddhism

Emphasized the Buddhist teachings were for everyone, not just a select few

Turkic Muslim empires

1. Seljuk empire

2. Mamluk sultanate

3. Delhi sultanate

Bhakti movement

A devotional trend in Hinduism that emerged in medieval India, emphasizing personal devotion to a deity and rejecting ritualistic practices.

Kashgar

A significant city along the Silk Road, known for its role as a trading hub and cultural exchange point between Central Asia and China.

Baghdad

The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad was a major intellectual and cultural center during the Islamic Golden Age, and was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258

Swahili states

Coastal city-states in East Africa that engaged in trade with the Indian Ocean, blending African, Arab, and Persian cultures.

Malaca

A vital port city in Southeast Asia, Malaca was a central trading hub along the maritime Silk Road, connecting China, India, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Mongols

A nomadic group known for creating one of the largest empires in history, the Mongols utilized advanced military tactics and horse riding skills to conquer vast territories throughout Asia and Europe.

Yuan dynasty

A dynasty established by the Mongols in China, ruled by Kublai Khan, that marked the first time all of China was under foreign rule.

Zheng He

A Chinese admiral and explorer during the early Ming dynasty, Zheng He led massive treasure voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, promoting trade and cultural exchange.

Ottoman empire

A multi-ethnic empire founded by Osman I in the late 13th century, the Ottoman Empire expanded across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, becoming a major political and cultural power until its dissolution after World War I.

Istanbul

formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople, Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, serving as a significant cultural and political center bridging Europe and Asia.

Ibn Battua

A Moroccan traveler and scholar known for his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world and beyond in the 14th century, Ibn Battuta documented his travels in a famous work, providing valuable insights into the cultures and societies he encountered.

Marco Polo

Polo was a Venetian merchant and explorer in the late 13th century, known for his travels to Asia and his accounts of the wealth and cultures he encountered, which inspired future explorations.

Margery Kemp

An English mystic and author from the 15th century, Margery Kempe is best known for her autobiography, which provides insights into her religious experiences and society during her time.

Bubonic plague

a highly contagious disease that resulted in massive population loss during the 14th century, significantly impacting the economy and social structures across Europe and Asia.

Caravanserai

Caravanserai were essential stops for merchants and travelers in regions such as the Silk Road, providing shelter and supplies to facilitate long-distance trade.

Commercial practies in the Silk Roads

Money economies, banking systems, and trade networks that facilitated commerce and exchange along the Silk Roads.

Technological innovations in the Indian Ocean trade route

Magnetic Compass, Astrolabe and New ship designs such as the Chinese Junk

Uyghur Script

Mongol language that was adapted to write multiple languages in Central Asia, facilitating communication and administration during the Mongol Empire.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman empire, Safavid empire, Mughal empire, and Qing Dynsaty

Devshrime system

A system used by the Ottoman Empire to collect young Christian boys from conquered territories, converting them to Islam and training them for military and administrative roles.

Divine Right

The doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, claiming that their right to rule is divinely ordained.

Tax systems

Zamindar system (Mughal empire)

Tax Farming (Ottoman Empire)

The Great Schism of 1054

The division between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, resulting from theological, political, and cultural differences.

Indulgences

are grants by the Pope that release a person from punishment for sins in exchange for money

Simony

the act of selling church offices and roles.

Protestant reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Burghers

were the middle class in medieval towns and cities, typically involved in commerce and trade.

Feudalism

A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe where land was owned by lords who granted it to vassals in exchange for military service and protection, creating a hierarchical structure of obligations and rights among different classes.

Manorial system

A system of rural economy in medieval Europe where lords owned large estates and peasants worked the land in exchange for protection and a place to live, forming the basis of feudal society.

3 field system

An agricultural practice in medieval Europe where land was divided into three sections, with one left fallow each year to enhance soil fertility and increase crop yields.

State building in song China

1. The use of Confucianism carried over by the Tang Dynasty which led to the use of the civil service exam

2. The imperial bureaucracy

3. Chan Buddhism which sought to merge Daoist and Buddhist ideas, emphasizing meditation and direct experience of enlightenment.

Song China economy

1. Champa rice

2. The grand Canal

Difference from Abbasid Caliphate to Delhi sultanate and Mamluk empire

The Delhi sultanate and Mamluk empire were Turkic Muslim empires while the Abbasid was Arabic

Helping the Spread of Islam

1. Muslium merchants

2. sufism

Samarkland

A significant cultural and commercial center in Central Asia, known for its role in the Silk Road trade and Muslim scholarship.

Effects of the growth of networks of exchange

1. Diasporic communities like Arab and persion communities in east Africa and Chinese communities in south East east Asia that facilitated trade by making necessary connections that encouraged those economic relations

Innovation of tech in trans Saharan trade route

1. Camel saddle

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that challenged the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches. Key figures include Martin Luther and John Calvin, who advocated for reforms and biblical authority.

Thomas paine

An influential philosopher and political activist in the 18th century, best known for his pamphlet "Common Sense," which argued for American independence from Britain and promoted Enlightenment ideas.

John Locke

An English philosopher and political theorist of the 17th century, known for his work on social contract theory and natural rights, which greatly influenced Enlightenment thinkers and the American Revolution.

Volture

A satirical writer and philosopher of the 18th century, famous for his wit and advocacy for civil liberties, including freedom of religion and freedom of speech.

Montesque

An influential French philosopher and political theorist of the 18th century, best known for his work "The Spirit of the Laws," where he advocated for the separation of powers in government and the importance of checks and balances.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer and advocate for women's rights in the late 18th century, best known for her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," where she argued for gender equality and women's access to education.

Declaration of rights of man

and of the citizen, a fundamental document of the French Revolution, delineating the individual and collective rights of all citizens, emphasizing principles such as equality, liberty, and fraternity.

Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution and a former enslaved person, he played a crucial role in Haiti's fight for independence from French colonial rule, promoting equality and social justice.

Muigel Hildago

A Mexican priest and revolutionary leader who initiated the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, calling for an end to Spanish rule and social reforms.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spanish rule, advocating for the unity of the newly independent states, and wrote the Jamaica letter

Jose de San martin

Argentine general and key leader in the South American wars of independence from Spanish rule. He is known for his role in liberating Argentina, Chile, and Peru, advocating for the freedom and unification of South American nations.

Treaty of Coradoba

The agreement that officially recognized Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, marking the end of the Mexican War of Independence.

Adam smith

A Scottish economist and philosopher known for his works on political economy and capitalism, particularly his book "The Wealth of Nations," which laid the foundations for classical economics.

Karl Marox

A German philosopher and economist known for his critique of capitalism and his influential works such as "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital," which outline his theories on socialism and class struggle.

Cecil Rhodes

a British imperialist and businessman known for his role in the expansion of the British Empire in southern Africa, particularly through his involvement in trying to connect Africa via Railroads

Labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for their rights, improve working conditions, and negotiate wages and benefits.

Bourgeoisie

The social class that is the owner of the means of production in a capitalist society, often contrasted with the proletariat or working class.

Proletarian

the working class in a capitalist society, who sell their labor for wages and often struggle against the ruling bourgeoisie class.

Tanzimat reforms

A series of legal and administrative reforms aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire, introduced in the 19th century to enhance central authority and secular governance.

Meji restoration

A political revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule in 1868, leading to significant modernization and Westernization of the country.

social Darwinism

A theory that applies principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and social inequality.

white mans burden

The belief that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize and educate non-Western peoples, often used to justify imperialist expansion.

Motives for imperialism

1. Money

2. white mans burden

3. Nationalism

4. social Darwinism

5. desire to spread Christianity

Berlin conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers negotiated the division of Africa among themselves, establishing rules for colonization.

Indigenous people fought to protect their lands.

1. Anglo Zulu war

2. Ethiopia-battle of Adwa

3. Yaa Asantewaa war

4. Seopoy revolt of 1856

Economic imperialism

1. British East India Company

2. Opium wars

3. Treaty of Nanjing

4. Taping rebellion

5. Boxer rebellion

Treaty of Nanjing

The treaty signed in 1842 between Britain and China, marking the end of the First Opium War and ceding Hong Kong to Britain while granting extraterritorial rights to British citizens.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864 against the Qing Dynasty, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to establish the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Boxer Rebellion

A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, led by the "Boxers" who sought to expel foreign influence and restore Chinese traditions.

Natural Resources

1. Cotton-India

2. Rubber-Amazon and Central Africa

3. Palm oil-West Africa

4. Ivory-Central Africa

5. Silver-Latin America

6. Guano-Peru and Chile

7. Diamonds-South Africa

Ethnic Enclaves

are communities formed by immigrants that maintain their cultural identities while living in larger host societies, often characterized by shared language, traditions, and social networks.

The U.S Chinese exclusion act

was a federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, reflecting widespread anti-Chinese sentiment and racism during that time.

Australia Chinese immigration act

was a law implemented in 1901 that restricted non-European immigration to Australia, aiming to preserve a white-only population and reflecting the era's racial discrimination.

Spheres of influence

are regions where a particular country has exclusive rights and privileges, typically in terms of trade and investment, often established through diplomatic pressure or military force.

Changes and Continuities from 1750-1900

refer to the significant shifts and persistent patterns in social, political, and economic structures across the globe during the period, highlighting transformations such as industrialization and imperialism, as well as lasting traditions and hierarchies. These changes include the rise of global trade networks and the spread of Enlightenment ideas, while continuities may involve class systems and colonial structures.

Innovations in Ship technology

1. Chinses junk

2. Portuguese Caravel

3. Portuguese Carrack

4. Dutch Fluyt

Vasco de Gama

was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia through the ocean.

treaty of tordesillas

was an agreement between Spain and Portugal, established in 1494, that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe along a meridian, granting Spain rights to territories west of the line and Portugal to those east.

Joint Stock companies

were business entities where different shares of a company's stock were owned by multiple investors, enabling large-scale trade and investment ventures during the Age of Exploration. such as the Dutch and British East India company's

Asante empire

was a West African state that emerged in the late 17th century, known for its wealth from gold and strong military organization that played a significant role in regional trade.

Tokugawa japan

was a period of Japanese history from 1603 to 1868, characterized by the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, which established a centralized feudal government, promoting stability, isolationism, and economic growth.

Jesuits

were members of the Society of Jesus, founded in 1540 to promote education and missionary work, playing a significant role in the spread of Christianity and European culture in Asia and the Americas.

Boyars

were the noble class in Russia, holding significant power and land, serving as advisors to the princes and later the tsars.

Examples of new imperial powers taken over old ones

1. The U.S expansion in the Philippians in 1898 in replacement of the Spanish

2. Japan expansion into China and Korea

3. Russia expansion into Poland and eastern nation and china

Scramble for Africa

refers to the rapid invasion, annexation, and colonization of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century, leading to significant political and social changes across the continent.

Sepoy mutiny

was a revolution in India in 1857 against British rule, sparked by discontent with British policies and practices.

India National congress

is a political party founded in 1885 that became a pivotal organization in the Indian independence movement against British rule, advocating for greater rights and representation for Indians.

Treaty of Nanjing

was a peace treaty signed in 1842 that ended the First Opium War between Britain and China, ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening several ports to British trade.

Chinese exclusion act

was a federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, reflecting widespread anti-Chinese sentiment and discrimination.

Treaty of Kanagawa

was a treaty signed in 1854 between the United States and Japan, marking the beginning of diplomatic relations and opening Japanese ports to American trade.

Meji restoration

was a period of rapid modernization in Japan

Monroe doctrine

U.S president Monroe declared western hemisphere off limits to European powers

Example of U.S exercising imperial power

Panama canal