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Strategic planning
The process of identifying long term organizational goals, strategies, and resources
Mission statement
A document or statement that describes the company for its stakeholders and briefly states its overall purpose, products, services, and values
Example of a mission statement
Google's mission statement is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful"
Critical success factor
Vital objectives that must be completed for the enterprise to fulfill its mission
High-priority objectives
Also known as critical success factors
SWOT analysis
An examination of a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
Business case
Refers to the reasons, or justification, for a proposal
Systems request
A formal appeal to the IT department that describes problems or desired changes in an information system or business process
Stronger controls
Must have adequate controls to ensure that data is secure and accurate
Encryption
A process where data is coded (converted into unreadable characters) so that only those with the required authorization can access the data
Biometric devices
Mechanisms used to uniquely identify a person by a retina scan or by mapping a facial pattern
Reduced cost
The current system could be expensive to operate or maintain due to technical problems, design weaknesses, or changing business demands
More information
The system might produce information that is insufficient, incomplete, or unable to support the company's changing information needs
Better performance
The current system might not meet the performance requirements
Improved customer service
Systems requests often aim to improve service to customers or users within the company
More support for new products and services
New products and services often require new types or levels of IT support
PESTEL framework
An analysis used in assessing external factors based on six environmental types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal
Government regulations
Federal, state, and local government regulations directly affect the design of corporate information systems
Technology impact
The rapid growth of telecommunications, increased computing power, and continuous miniaturization of electronic components has created new industries and technologies
Electronic product code (EPC)
Technology that uses RFID tags to identify and monitor the movement of each product from the factory floor to the retail checkout counter
Internet of Things (IoT)
Devices connected over a computer network that can send important information to centralized data storage and processing nodes
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
The exchange of business documents between computers using a standard electronic format
Just-in-time (JIT)
The exchange of delivery of information when and where it is needed
Blockchain
A distributed ledger system
Economic activity
Has a powerful influence on corporate information management.
Economic expansion
Firms must be ready with scalable systems that can handle additional volume and growth.
Customer relationship management (CRM)
A system implemented to integrate all customer-related events and transactions, including marketing, sales, and customer service activities.
Electronic proof of delivery (EPOD)
A supplier uses RFID tags on each crate, case, or shipping unit to create a digital shipping list to verify receipt of goods.
Strategic Plan
Sets its overall direction and impacts IT projects.
Top Managers
Usually initiates large-scale projects because significant resources are required.
User Requests
As users rely more heavily on information systems to perform their jobs, they will likely request even more IT services and support.
IT Department
IT staff members often make recommendations based on their knowledge of business operations and technology trends.
Existing Systems and Data
Errors or problems in existing systems can trigger requests for systems projects.
Company Finances
If the company is going through a difficult time, the project may be postponed until more cash is available to finance the effort.
Processing Systems Request
A systems review committee is a group of key managers and users responsible for evaluating systems requests.
Computer resources committee
A group of key managers and users responsible for evaluating systems requests; the term 'systems review committee' is also used.
Feasibility Studies
Uses 4 main yardsticks to measure a proposal.
Operational feasibility
A system that will be used effectively after it has been developed.
Economic feasibility
Achieved if the projected benefits of the proposed system outweigh the estimated costs involved in acquiring, installing, and operating it.
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
A number used in assessing costs, including ongoing support, maintenance, and acquisition costs.
Tangible costs
Expenses that have a specific dollar value, such as employee salaries and hardware purchases.
Intangible costs
Items that are difficult to measure in dollar terms, such as employee dissatisfaction.
Tangible benefits
Positive outcomes that can be measured in dollars, resulting from a decrease in expenses, an increase in revenues, or both.
Intangible benefits
Positive outcomes that are difficult to measure in dollars, such as a new website that improves a company's image.
Technical feasibility
When an organization has the resources to develop, purchase, install, or operate a system.
Schedule feasibility
A project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame.
Discretionary projects
Where management has a choice in implementing a project.
Nondiscretionary projects
Where management has no choice in implementing a project.
Nondiscretionary project
A project that management doesn't have a choice in implementing.
Preliminary investigation
Study system request and recommend specific action.
Fishbone diagram
A diagram that identifies causes of a problem.
Project scope
Defining the specific boundaries of a project.
Project creep
General scope definitions expand gradually without specific authorization.
Constraints
Factors that limit the project, such as present vs. future, internal vs. external, and mandatory vs. desirable.
Fact-finding
The process of gathering data to understand the project requirements.
Conduct interviews
A method of obtaining information from stakeholders.
Pareto chart
A chart used for visualizing elements in data analysis.
Scatter diagram
A type of XY chart used to analyze relationships between variables.
Feasibility evaluation
Assessing the operational, technical, economic, and schedule viability of a project.
Strategic planning
Identifying long-term organizational goals, strategies, and resources.
Mission statement
A statement that reflects a firm's vision, purpose, and values.
Critical success factor
Vital objectives that must be completed to fulfill a mission.
SWOT analysis
A framework for analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Systems request
A formal request asking IT for support.
PESTEL framework
A tool for assessing external factors: political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal.
Electronic product code (EPC)
RFID technology used to monitor products from factory to retail.
Internet of things (IoT)
A network of electronic devices that communicate over a computer network.
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
The exchange of business documents between computers.
Just in time (JIT)
A strategy that minimizes unnecessary inventory through computer-to-computer data exchange.
Blockchain
An efficient, secure, and transparent distributed ledger system.
Customer relationship management (CRM)
A system that integrates all customer-related events.
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
The total cost of support, maintenance, and acquisition of a system.
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