negative reinforcement

aversive control

negative reinforcement and punishment

negative reinforcement

escape, avoidance

establishing (motivating) operation

presence of aversive stimulus motivates organism to remove/reduce it

two-factor theory of avoidance (two-process theory)

respondent and operant conditioning

primary aversive stimuli

• Unconditioned

• UAS

• Don’t need experience with them to be aversive

secondary aversive stimuli

Conditioned

CAS

Aren’t aversive by themselves

• History of being paired with unconditioned aversive stimulus/another conditioned aversive stimulus required

respondent conditioning

• Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned aversive stimulus (UAS)

operant conditioning (escape)

• Once warning stimulus becomes CAS, presenting it becomes EO

one-factor theory of avoidance

• Don’t always need warning signal to avoid aversive stimulus

• According to theory, avoidance can be maintained when behavior simply:

  • Reduces overall frequency of aversive stimuli

  • Delays occurrence of aversive stimuli

• No warning stimuli necessary

  • Respondent conditioning isn’t necessary

    • Respondent conditioning can and may occur, but isn’t necessary

• operant conditioning