Echo Techniques I Exam 4 FINAL

m-mode records _____, ______, and _____

distance, motion, echo strength

cursor should be placed ______ to the structure

perpendicular

___ is measured on the y-axis and ____ is measured on the x-axis

depth; time

for AoV, the cursor is placed on the ________

aortic cusps

for MV, the cursor is placed at the tip of the ________

mitral leaflets

for LV, the cursor is placed in front of the ____, past the ___________, including the CT

PM; mitral leaflet tips

for PV, have the DEFAC as mitral and in case of PHTN, you will see what is known as "___________"

flying W

narrowing of the AoV orifice; band of bright echoes on 2-D and M-Mode

aortic stenosis (AS)

how is aortic stenosis acquired

senile calcification, rheumatic fever, congenital (bicuspid 1-2% of population and unicuspid extremely rare)

there is an _____ in LVEDP and LV ______ in cases of aortic stenosis

increase; hypertrophy

what mimics aortic stenosis

subvalvular stenosis and supravalvular stenosis

cusp missing from AoV; aortic valve closure line is ECCENTRIC (not centered) and thicker

bicuspid aortic valve

in cases of a bicuspid aortic valve the ____ and the ___ are the only cusps seen

RCC; LCC

AoV closes early; noted with hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, like idiopathic hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis; decreased pressure for LV to aorta

premature closure of AoV

larger than 1:1 ratio between LA and AOR with larger AOR

dilated aortic root

dilated aortic root is caused by ________ and ________

Marfans syndrome; untreated HTN

larger than 1:1 ratio between LA and AOR with larger LA

dilated left atrium

a dilated left atrium is caused by _________, _______, _______, ________, or ________________

mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, significant LVEDP, mitral valve prolapse, and chronic severe aortic insufficiency

a benign cardiac tumor usually attached to the IAS

left atrium myxoma

narrowing of the MV orifice with bright band of echoes in 2D and M-mode; thickening of AML and PML with anterior motion of PML; LA dilation and increased pressure; hockey puck appearance; decreased E-F slope and D-E excursion with diastolic doming

mitral valve stenosis

(D)EFAC

onset of diastole

D(E)FAC

early diastole

DE(F)AC

first peak

DEF(A)C

atrial systole

DEFA(C)

closure of MV

D-E excursion

rapid diastolic opening (1.8-2.8cm)

E-F slope

motion of AML during diastole (70-150mm/s)

EPSS

distance between E point and IVS (2-7mm)

what are some complications of mitral stenosis

mitral regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, shortness of breath, and A-fib

what are some causes of mitral stenosis

rheumatic fever, congenital, and mitral annular calcification

extra hump between A-C; commonly seen with dilated cardiomyopathy and LV dilation; increased LVDP and LA pressure; decreased EF% and EPSS is >10mm

B-Bump/B-Notch/ A-C Shoulder

MV leaflets move anteriorly towards the LVOT in systole; seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies such as ASH, IHSS, HOCM, and subaortic outflow tract obstruction

systolic anterior motion (SAM)

posterior motion of MV leaflets beyond the MV annular plane during systole; hammocking appearance

mitral valve prolapse

diastolic flutter of the AML with aortic regurgitation

MV flutter

early closure of MV; severe cases will be AR(AI) and increased LVEDP

premature close of MV

irregular shaped, echo-dense mass on cardiac valve, often associated with infective endocarditis

vegetation

thickening of the septal and/or posterior wall, can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

LV hypertrophy

movement away from the opposite wall during systole; IVS moves away from free wall and posterior inferior away from pericardium

paradoxical wall motion

LV dilation with poorly contracting septal or posterior walls; EPSS >10mm/s and decreased EF%; leads to congestive heart failure

dilated cardiomyopathy

build-up of fluid in the pericardium (above DA)

pericardial effusion

consistent with dyskinetic wall motion and appears as D-shaped septum in PAP view

right ventricular volume overload (RVVO)

RVIT is used to visualize ____

TV

RVOT is used to visualize _______

PV

PSLA is used to visualize ____ and _____

MV and AoV

PSSA AoV is used to visualize _____, ____, and ___

TV, PV, AoV

PSSA MV is used to visualize _____

MV

A4 is used to visualize _____ and ____

MV, TV

A5 is used to visualize ____, ____, and _____

TV, MV, and AoV

A2 is used to visualize _____

MV

A3 is used to visualize ___ and ____

MV and AoV

subcostal 4 is used to visualize _______, ___, ___, ____, and ___

four chambers, TV, MV, IVS, IAS

all chambers and vessels appear _______

anechoic