Respiratory System

ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

external respiration

exchange of gases between air, alveoli, and blood

internal respriation

exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

1. ventilation

2. respiration

3. speech generation

4. pH balance

5. odor detection

functions of respiratory system (5)

conducting division

respiratory system division:

-passageway for air to move

-warms, humidifies, cleanses air

respiratory division

respiratory system division:

-sites of gas exchange between lungs and blood

vocal cords

upper and lower divisions of respiratory system are separated by

1. Nasal Sinuses

2. Mouth

3. Nose

4. Pharynx

5. Larynx

6. Trachea

7. Bronchi through terminal bronchioles

structures of the conducting respiratory division (seven)

1. respiratory bronchioles

2. alveolar ducts/sacs/alveoli

3. lungs

4.lung pleura

structures of respiratory division of respiratory system

apex

tip of the nose

ala nasi

cartilaginous flaps on the sides of each nostril

dorsum nasi

length of the nose

root

nose structure: between the eyebrows

nares

another name for nostrils

nasal septum

divides nasal cavity into left and right sides

meatuses

nose structure:

-passageways surrounding conchae for air to flow

conchae

nose structure:

-extends laterally from nasal septum

-3 pairs of c-shaped bones

sinuses

nose structure:

-warms and humidifies incoming air

-air-filled spaces

-contributes to voice resonance

1. frontal

2.ethmoid (more ventral)

3. sphenoid (more dorsal)

4. maxillary

the four sinuses (superior to inferior)

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

regions of the pharynx (superior to inferior)

nasopharynx

pharynx region for air only

-adenoids on posterior wall

oropharynx

-conduit for digestion and respiration

-tonsils found on the border

laryngopharynx

-conduit for air and food

-opens into larynx and esophagus

larynx

conducting division structure: directs air into trachea and food into esophagus

-contains vocal cords

Superior Region

larynx portion:

-lined with stratified squamous epithelium

inferior region

larynx region:

-lined with mucous membrane

-moves trapped debris into pharynx for swallowing

Cartilage

prevents larynx from collapsing

large cartilage

laryngeal cartilage:

-contains epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid

small cartilage

laryngeal cartilage:

-contains arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

glottis

vocal apparatus of the larynx

-contains true vocal cords and rima glottidis

Trachea

conducting division structure:

-extends from larynx to left and right bronchi divisions

hyaline cartilage between fibrous tissue ligaments

type of cartilage making up trachea

carina

ridge of cartilage on trachea

-senses solid or liquid substances and triggers violent coughing to expel them

Bronchi

conducting division structure:

-supported by cartilage

-interior contains ciliated mucous cells

-splits into primary, secondary, and tertiary

ciliated cells

mucociliary escalator in trachae is composed of _______ cells

terminal bronchioles

conducting division structure:

-NO cartilage or mucous

-just smooth muscles and ciliated cells

respiratory bronchiole

respiratory division structure:

-made of minimal smooth muscle

alveolar ducts

respiratory division structure:

-short conduits of mainly connective tissue

alveolar sacs

respiratory division structure:

-clusters of alveoli

-opened from alveolar ducts

-very elastic

Alveoli

respiratory division structure:

-intimate contact between inhaled air and blood in pulmonary capillaries

-gas exchange site

-lots of surface area

thick; large

alveoli has (thin/thick) walls with (small/large) lumen

type 1

alveolar cell type:

-most common

-connected to basement membrane with pulmonary endothelial cell on other side

type 2

alveolar cell type:

-cuboidal cells that make and secrete surfactant

type 3

alveolar cell type:

-scavenge microorganisms and other particles

-alveolar macrophages, resident alveolar immune cells

surfactant

substance reducing surface tension between water molecules lining inner alveoli surfaces

lungs

respiratory division structure:

-occupies most of thoracic cavity

-incased by pleural membrane

3

right lung has how many lobes

2

left lung has how many lobes

bronchopulmonary segments

lobes of the lung are divided into

pulmonary lobes

bronchopulmonary segments of the lung are further divided into

lung pleura

respiratory division structure:

-provides barrier for lungs

-2 layers

visceral pleura

lung pleura layer:

-tightly covers each lung

parietal pleura

lung pleura layer:

-lines inner wall of thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

-space between visceral and parietal pleura

-secreted by mesothelial cells

pressure differences caused by gravity

lungs are divided into zones based on

capillary < alveoli

lung zone 1 pressure (most superior)

capillary (systole) > alveoli

capillary (diastole) < alveoli (collapse)

lung zone 2 pressure

capillary > alveoli

lung zone 3 pressure (most inferior)

pressure differential

difference in pressure between two spaces

-independent on whether or not gas can move between spaces

1. # of gas particles

2. temperature

3. volume

3 determinants of gas pressure

increasing

(incr/decr) temperature increases gas pressure

increase

(incr/decr) # of gas particles increases gas pressure

decreasing

(incr/decr) volume of container increases gas pressure

atmospheric pressure

pressure in atmosphere that surrounds body

transpulmonary pressure

-difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

-represents force that tends to collapse lungs

intrapleural pressure

pressure between visceral and parietal pleura

intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure

pressure in alveoli

increase

increasing the distance between parietal and visceral pleura (inc/dec) pressure interpleural space

right before inspiratation

when is atmospheric pressure = to intrapulmonary pressure

decrease

intrapulmonary pressure (inc/dec) during inhalation

exhalation

inhalation or expiration:

thoracic volume declines-> intrapulmonary pressure greater than atmospheric pressure

Inhalation

inhalation or expiration:

-intrapulmonary pressure becomes more negative

coughing and sneezing

non-breathing air movements:

-respiratory system trying to clear irritant from the airways

yawn

non-breathing air movements:

-results from deepest possible breath

hiccup

non-breathing air movements:

-spasm of the diaphragm

-causes rapid bursts of air through vocal cords

laughing and crying

non-breathing air movements:

-emotional states drive the ventilatory pattern

Valsalva maneuver

non-breathing air movements:

-attempt to exhale against a closed airway

Tidal Volume (TV)

ventilatory volume:

-normal breathing range

IRV

ventilatory volume:

-the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level

ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

ventilatory volume:

-max amount of volume that can be exhaled out of the lungs

RV (residual volume)

ventilatory volume:

-amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

-prevents lungs from collapsing

IC (inspiratory capacity)

ventilatory capacity:

IRV + TV

FRC (functional residual capacity)

ventilatory capacity:

ERV + RV

Vital Capacity (VC)

ventilatory capacity:

TV + IRV + ERV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

ventilatory capacity:

VC + RV

PEF

peak expiratory flow rate

FEV

forced expiratory volume

FVC

forced vital capacity

more

males on average have (more/less) peak expiratory flow (PEF) than females

partial pressure

one gas's contribution in a mixture to the mixture's total pressure

partial pressure = total pressure x fraction of gas

partial pressure equation

solubility coefficient of the gas

rate of gas diffusion depends on

gas dissolved in liquid = partial pressure x solubility coefficient

equation for amount of gas dissolved in a liquid

increase

increasing solubility coefficient would (inc/dec) the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid

increase

larger change in gas volumes would (inc/dec) partial pressure changes in gases

partial pressure

diffusion is based on a gas'

in the lungs

site where o2 moves from air to blood

-co2 moves form blood to air

98%

hemoglobin transports more than what % of blood's o2

250-300 million

each RBC contains how many hemoglobin molecules

1.2 billion

each RBC can carry up to how many oxygen molecules