Endocrinology Gill Quiz 4 Exam 3

Bone Morphogenic Protein 4 (BMP) is involved in the formation of

the vagina

PBX1 stands for

Pre B-cell Lukemia transcription factor 1

Klienfelter syndrome results in

Gynecomastia

-Male breast

Kallman syndrome is due to the

GnRH not developing in the nose---> they dont migrate to help produce the LH and FSH

Hermaphrodites are also termed Chimeras because

Have both xy/xx

GnRH typically develops in the nose which travels to the ______ _____ and then the ______

Olfactory bulb

Hypothalamus

The Testes are located ______ and responsible for the _____

Extra abdominally

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis must occur outside the body because the desired temperature is _____

3-4 degrees celcius lower than the body

Cryptochiclsm

abdominal testes

No viable sperm

Anorchia is

absence of one or both testicles

The dartos muscle in the testes is

below the scrotal skin

The Cremaster muscle is a

vertical muscle

in the semeniferous tissue _____ takes place

spermatogenesis

Sperm formation

Spermatogonia------>

Type A and Type B cells

via mitosis

Sperm formation

Type A cells --->

Go to reserves or storage for later spermatogenesis

Sperm formation

Type B cells----->

Primary spermatocytes (2N,46)

Sperm formation

Primary spermatocytes---->

Secondary spermatocytes (1N,23)

Meiosis I

Sperm formation

Secondary spermatocytes---->

Spermatids (1N,23)

Meiosis II

Sperm formation

Spermatids----->

Sperm

Sperm are non-_____ in the male body

motile

Spermiaton is where

Spermatids---> Sperm

Spermatid is

Non-motile

No tail

Sperm is

Motile in the female system

Has a tail

Capacitation occurs in the female tract where

The Across covering protein is removed by

the enzymes Hyalaronidase and Aclosin

Hyalaronidase disolves the ________ ____ which is responsible for making the _______ _______ around the secondary _______

Hyaluronic acid

Zona pellucid

Oocyte

The Zona Pellucid is

the layer around the eggs

It is an ECM unit

The seminal vesicles account for

60% of ejaculate

The seminal vesicles form from the

wolfian duct

The seminal vesicles fluid is composed of _______ and ________

Bicarbonate

Semenogelin I and Semenogelin II

The Semenogelin I and II causes the _____

semen to coagulate

Semen coagulation is necessary to

prevent spillage

Semenogelin causes coagulation by forming ______ bridges between sperm

disulfide (S-S) bridges

semenogelin is used in ________ to detect semen

Criminology

The Prostate accounts for about ____ of ejaculate

30%

The Prostate fluid has the ______

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

The PSA is responsible for the

Liquefaction of the semen

-Breaks semenogelin

There is also ____ in the females

PSA

The Prostate is _______ in orgin

mullarian

In females the prostae gland is the _____ a gland homologous in nature

Skenes glands (paraurethral glands)

bulbourethral glands release fluid that is used for

Nutralizing the acidity in the male ureathra

-only a few drops necessary

The sperm count is roughly

450million/ejaculate (3-5mL)

If the sperm count is _______ than a male is sterile

< 20-40mil/mL

Oligospermia

low sperm count

Azoospermia

No sperm

Aspermia

No ejaculate

Sperm swim about ________ in the female tract

5mm/min

There are two ______ _____ in the penis

Corpura cavernosa

The corpura cavernosa is composed of

blood sinuses

There is one ____ _____ that houses the _____ tube in the penis

Corpus Spongiosum

Urethra

The penis is covered by three layers of tissue

(innermost--->superficial)

1.) Tunica albugiuea

2.) Bucks Fasia

3.) Superficial Fascia

The erection is also called

Tumescense

During an erection ______ and _____ occurs

Vasodilation

vasocongestion

Vasocongestion means

the blood flows in but does not drain

The erection is under _______ control

parasympathetic

Ejaculation happens because of

Forceful paristalsis

Ejactulation is under ______ control

Sympathetic

Inside the Endothelial cells of the blood sinuses

Parasympathetic input causes ______ release to act on the ______ receptors that cause ______ to enter the cell

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Muscarinic (M3)

Ca2+

Inside the Endothelial cells of the blood sinuses

2 Arginine + 3 NADPH2 + 4O2----->

2NO + 3NAP + 4H2O

This happens under Ca2+ entry and

Endothelial-Nitic Oxide Synthase

Inside the Endothelial cells of the blood sinuses

The NO leaves from the endothelial cells and causes ____ alongside ______

Vasodilation

VIP

Vaso dilation is a ___ ___ on erection

Direct effect

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinuses

GTP----->

cGMP

The enzymes used are Guanyl Cyclase and NO

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The cGMP activates

cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The PKG causes the ______ and the _______ to open

Ca2+ dependent

K+ channels/K+ voltage

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The opening of K+ and Ca2+ channels causes an efflux of ____ into the cell which causes _________

K+

Hyperpolarization

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

This hyperpolarization causes _______ which causes _____ which results in the erection

Relaxation

Vasodilation

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The PKG also causes the ______ _______ (activation) to be ________ which causes _______ and in turn causes the erection

MLC phosphate

Dephosphrylated

relaxation

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The PKG also closeser of the ____-______ _____ channels

L-type Ca2+ channels

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

When the L-type Ca2+ channels close this causes, no _____ entry, and therefore the ______ smooth muscle cells aren't activated

Ca2+

CaM

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

The CaM are typically responsible for _______ therefore if they are not activated the cells __________ and in turn cause the erection

contraction

Relax

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

There is also a peptide called ______ __(___) which blocks the _____ recptors therefore blocking ______ from occuring causing vasodilation

Nueropeptide Y(NPY)

α1 recptors

Vasoconstriction

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

To stop the erection ______ is converted to _____ under the enzyme ______

cGMP

GMP

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Inside the smooth muscle cells of the blood sinus

GMP causes the _____ _____ to close which ______ of the cell causing vasoconstriction which causes the loss of an ______

K+ channels

Depolarization

erection

Loss of an erection is also called

detumesensce

The endothelial cells release ______ causing _____ of the smooth muscles

NO

Relaxation

Kisspeptin 1 causes the release of ______

GnRH

GnRH stimulates the release of ____ or ___

FSH or LH

FSH acts on the ______ ____ causing the release on _____, _____, ________, and _______

serotoli cells

AMH

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

Actin-1 - β1 and β2 subunits

Inhibin- α1/β1 and α1/β2

LH acts on the _____ cell which release ______ this is converted into ______ via the enzyme _______

Leydig cells

Testosterone

DHT

the enzyme 5α-reductase

The Kiss gene codes for the _____ _____ on chromosome # __

Kisspeptin

1

Activin can be of these units

βa/βb, βa/βa, βb/βb

activin is responsible for the

stimulates FSH release

Inhibin can be of these units

α/βb or α/βa

Inhibin _____ the ____ secretion

inhibits

FSH

Vestibular glands of the female reproductive system causes

the secretion at the time of sexual excitement

The pH of the vagina is roughly

4 - acidic

The acidity of the vagina is due to the

lactobacilli (bacteria)

-makes Lactic acid

The lacto bacilli makes the lactic acid from the

Glycogen released during the secretory phase in the uterus

a uterus prolapse is also called the

retroflex uterus

During the uterus prolapse the uterus is

more verticle and not the normal antiflex

The ligaments support the _____ to remain in place

Uterus

The endometrium is composed of the

basolayer

-spiral arteries

Functional layers

The spiral arteries are found between the

Baso layer and functional layer of the uterus

During menstruation the spiral arteries experience

Vasospasam which causes ischemia

The ischemia of the spiral arteries causes the ____ of the _____ layer which is ______

necrosis

functional layer

sloughted off

The cervix contains mucous

-if the mucous has a "fern pattern" then that means _______ is present and there is ____ ovulation

Estrogen

NO

The cervix contains mucous

if the mucous has a "Cellular pattern" then that means _____ is present and the ____ has been released

Progesteron

egg

____ muscous is present in the vagina

NO

Follicular atresia means

the follicle dies

The Ovaries contain the

primoridal follicle

There are about _____ primordial follicles

400,000