Respiratory System

all the respiration worksheet questions

What are the four processes of respiration?

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of O2 and CO2 in blood, internal respiration.

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Movement of air into (inspiration) and out of lungs (expiration).

What is external respiration?

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood.

What is the transport of O2 and CO2 in blood?

Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the body tissues, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues to the lungs.

What is internal respiration?

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

What are the major organs in the upper respiratory tract?

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx.

What are the major organs in the lower respiratory tract?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs and alveoli.

What lines the nasal cavity?

A mucous membrane.

What is olfactory mucosa?

Lines the superior region of the nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium.

What is respiratory mucosa?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells.

What is rhinitis?

Infection of the nasal mucosa.

What are nasal conchae?

Scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections in the nasal cavity.

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

Forced expiration against a closed glottis.

What do pharyngotympanic tubes do?

Drain and equalize pressure in the middle ear.

What are nasopharyngeal tonsils also called?

Adenoids.

What is hemoptysis?

Coughing up of blood.

What are the causes of hemoptysis?

Lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism.

What is dyspnea?

Difficult or labored breathing.

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis.

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages.

What is the thyroid cartilage?

The most superior and largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

What is the Adam's apple?

The anterior peak of the thyroid cartilage.

What does the cricoid cartilage do?

Connects the larynx to the trachea.

What is the function of arytenoid cartilages?

Anchor the vocal cords.

What is a cricothyrotomy?

An emergency procedure to restore airway.

What is the glottis?

The opening between vocal folds.

What are false vocal cords?

Superior cords that assist in closing off the larynx during swallowing.

What are true vocal cords?

Inferior cords that produce sounds.

What connects the C-shaped cartilages in the trachea?

The trachealis muscle.

What is the function of C-shaped cartilages in the trachea?

Maintains the patency of the trachea.

What is the carina?

The cartilaginous ridge where the trachea branches into two main bronchi.

What is the path an oxygen molecule takes to the left lung capillaries?

Nose and Mouth - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Left Main Bronchus- Lobar bronchi - Segmental bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles- Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sac - Alveoli - capillaries.

What are the three types of cells in alveoli?

Squamous (type I) cells, great (type II) cells, macrophages.

What is the function of type I alveolar cells?

Diffusion of gases.

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

Secrete/produce surfactant.

What is the function of macrophages in alveoli?

Keep alveoli sterile.

What does surfactant do?

Reduces surface tension of water and prevents alveolus walls from sticking together.

What is the respiratory membrane?

Consists of alveolar and capillary endothelium along with their fused basement membranes.

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three lobes.

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two lobes.

What is the cardiac notch?

The concavity on the medial aspect of the left lung.

What are the functions of the pleura and pleural fluid?

Reduce friction, create pressure gradient, compartmentalize thoracic organs.

What is pleurisy?

Inflammation of the pleurae.

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.

What are the causes of pleural effusion?

Trauma, infections, cancer, left heart failure.

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

760 mmHg.

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

Pressure that equalizes with atmospheric pressure.

What is intrapleural pressure?

Pressure in the pleural cavity.

Why is negative pleural pressure essential?

It acts as a suction to keep the lungs inflated.

What happens to smooth muscle in bronchioles?

It increases as passageways become smaller.

What is infant respiratory syndrome (IRDS)?

Premature infant lungs do not produce adequate surfactant.

What is the treatment for IRDS?

Glucocorticoid hormones may be given to increase surfactant production.

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

Inspiration and Expiration

What is atmospheric pressure?

The pressure exerted by gases in the atmosphere.

What is Boyle's law?

It explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas; at constant temperature, pressure varies inversely with volume.

What is the driving force for ventilation?

Pressure gradient created by changes in thoracic volume.

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

Pressure in alveoli that fluctuates with breathing and eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure.

Why does intrapulmonary pressure decrease during inspiration?

As thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops due to Boyle's law.

What is intrapleural pressure?

Pressure in the pleural cavity that fluctuates with breathing and is usually negative.

What creates negative pressure inside the pleural cavity?

Opposing forces acting on the visceral and parietal pleura.

What are the accessory muscles used in deep inspiration?

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, and erector spinae muscles.

What happens during quiet expiration?

Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil, causing air to flow out.

What is atelectasis?

A complete or partial collapse of the lung or area of the lung.

What are the causes of atelectasis?

Plugged bronchioles, pneumothorax, and fluid in the pleural cavity.

What are the two causes of pneumothorax?

Ruptured visceral pleura and punctured parietal pleura.

What centers control the autonomic breathing cycle?

VRG(ventral resp. group), DRG(dorsal resp. group), and PRG(pontine resp. group) in the medulla and pons.

What is the VRG's role?

It is the primary generator of resp. rhythm.

VRG's inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles in the diaphragm through the?

phrenic nerve

VRG's inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles in the external intercostals through the?

intercostal nerves

What is the DRG's role?

It influences the VRG to breath faster or slower.

What is the PRG's role?

it modifies the rhythm of the VRG

Respiratory centers are affected by?

Chemical factors, influence of higher brain centers, pulmonary irritant reflexes, inflation reflex

What sensory receptors provide information to the respiratory centers?

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch and irritant Receptors

What do central chemoreceptors (located in the brainstem) respond to?

Changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.

What do peripheral chemoreceptors (located in the carotid and aortic bodies) respond to?

Oxygen, CO2, and H+ levels in the blood

What do stretch receptors trigger?

inflation reflex

Where are stretch receptors found?

Smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles and in visceral pleura

What do irritant receptors (located in the epithelial cells of the airway) respond to?

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus

The information collected at the carotid bodies is passed to the brainstem through the?

glossopharyngeal nerves

The information collected at the aortic bodies is passed to the brainstem through the?

vagus nerves

What are the three major factors affecting airflow resistance in the lungs?

Diameter of bronchioles, pulmonary compliance, and surface tension of alveoli.

What is the primary control of airflow resistance ?

the bronchioles

Bronchodilation is:

increase in diameter of bronchioles, reduces airflow resistance

Bronchoconstriction is:

decrease in the diameter of bronchioles, increasing the resistance to airflow

Two lung pathologies that reduce lung compliance are:

black lung disease and tuberculosis

What is the function of surfactants?

Prevents alveolar collapse by disrupting hydrogen bonds in water.

How does a lack of surfactant affect breathing?

increases surface tension in alveoli and causes alveoli to collapse between breaths

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is A?

Tidal volume

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is B?

inspiratory reserve vol

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

the max you can inhale after tidal volume

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is C?

expiratory reserve vol

What is expiratory reserve volume?

the max you can exhale after tidal volume

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is D?

residual vol

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is E?

vital capacity

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is F?

residual vol

The following diagram shows a spirographic record for a male. What is G?

Functional residual capacity

What is vital capacity?

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiratory effort.

What factors affect vital capacity?

Age, sex, and height.

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

The amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath.