Lab 5: Respiratory Physiology

volumes

volumes

The total amount of air one’s lungs can possibly hold can be subdivided into four _____

tidal volume (TV)

The amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

The amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and beyond that taken in during a normal inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

The maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration

residual volume (RV)

The amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort

capacities

In addition to the four volumes, which do not overlap, there are four _____ which are combinations of two or more volumes

total lung capacity (TLC)

The total amount of air the lungs can contain–the sum of all four volumes

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

vital capacity (VC)

The maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration

TV + IRV + ERV

functional residual capacity (FRC)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

ERV + RV

inspiratory capacity (IC)

The maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration

TV + IRV

spirometry

Pulmonary function tests, such as _____, are most useful for evaluating changes in respiratory functions

restrictive diseases

Affect the lungs’ capacity to expand

obstructive pulmonary diseases

Cause the lungs to hyperinflate due to an increase in airway restriction

spirometer

The respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple instrument called a _____

respiratory minute volume (L/min)

Tells us the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute

TV (mL) x respiratory rate (breaths/min)

nomogram

Often used in clinical settings to predict the probability of an event based on known relationships to best prescribe treatment and care

Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve

Often a better index of respiratory reserve than is the traditional vital capacity measurement; The principal value of these pulmonary measurements lies in following volume changes caused either by disease or recovery from a disease

left-sided heart disease

Individuals who have _____ are found to have a decreased vital capacity

poliomyelitis (polio)

A virus that infects an individual’s spinal cord and causes paralysis

normal values for Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve

Men: 50-70 seconds
Women: 50-60 seconds

receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes

The concentration of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood is finely regulated by a variety of _____ which serve to control our respiration pattern

dry gas meter

Tidal volume can be measured by exhaling through a tube connected to a _____; This meter measures the volume of gas that passes through it (similar to the natural gas meter in your home) and keeps a cumulative total

% O2 of inhaled air (resting and exercising)

20.94%

% O2 of exhaled air (resting)

18.24%

% O2 of exhaled air (exercising)

18.67%

ventilation

The rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the respiratory exchange surface of the lungs

perfusion

The rate at which oxygen is extracted from the blood going through the capillaries of the metabolizing cells

ventilation-perfusion coupling

The rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to _____

increase ventilation

An individual can _____ by increasing their respiratory rate and tidal volume

increase perfusion

An individual can _____ by increasing their heart rate

minute volume (Vm)

In the respiratory system, the flow of air is called the _____

cardiac output (CO)

In the circulatory system, the flow of blood is the _____

rate of oxygen consumption (VO2)

(Vm)(CO2i - CO2e) = (CO)(CO2a - CO2v)

metabolic rate during exercise (VO2)

(Vm)(CO2i - CO2e)

1.34 mL of O2

Each gram of hemoglobin can bind with _____

maximum oxygen content (CO2a)

average hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/100 mL blood) x 1.34 mL O2/g Hb

oxygen content during rest (CO2v)

0.6(CO2a)

resting cardiac output (CO)

VO2/(CO2a - CO2v)

resting stroke volume (SV)

CO/HR

venous blood

During exercise, the oxygen content of _____ falls; the amount being dependent on the magnitude of the exercise

stroke volume during exercise (SVe)

(PPr/PPe) = (SVr/SVe)

cardiac output during exercise (COe)

SVe x HR

oxygen content of venous blood during exercise (CO2v)

CO2v = CO2a - (VO2/COe)

neural centers in the medulla and pons

The increase or decrease in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by _____

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, there is an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions causing a decrease in the blood’s pH (more acidic) until the body can stabilize pH by combining the hydrogen ions with bicarbonate ions; If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an increase in the blood’s pH (more alkaline) until more carbon dioxide enters the blood cells to form carbonic acid

increase in blood pH

A reduction in carbon dioxide levels due to rapid, deep breathing leads to a decrease in carbonic acid levels causing an _____

decrease in blood pH

This accumulation of carbon dioxide due to slow, shallow breathing will cause carbonic acid levels in the blood to increase, thus causing a _____

decreases

Due to the decrease in the frequency of inspirations, the respiratory rate while speaking _____

chemoreceptors

The increased acidity of the blood will stimulate _____ that will communicate with the neural receptors in the brain

inhale deeply and breathe faster

Once the individual exhales, they will immediately _____ to replenish the oxygen levels in their body

decrease in respiratory rate

When concentrating on a task, such as completing math problems or threading a needle, individuals find they often hold their breath resulting in a _____

hyperventilation

Occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the body’s need to eliminate carbon dioxide

apnea

In some instances, _____ (cessation of breathing) can occur until carbon dioxide levels increase enough to meet metabolic demand

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

Like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, these diseases irreversibly decrease an individual’s ability to force air out of the lungs

asthma

Is the result of inflammation in the bronchioles, reducing the amount of oxygen that can reach the alveoli; While classified as an obstructive disorder, _____ is considered reversible as there are symptom-free periods that follow each episode

mL air/min

units for Vm

mL O2/mL inhaled air

units for CO2i

mL O2/mL exhaled air

units for CO2e

breaths/min

units for respiratory rate

beats/min

units for HR

mm Hg

units for PP

mL/min

units for CO

mL/beat

units for SV

mL O2/mL arterial blood

units for CO2a

mL O2/mL venous blood

units for CO2v

increase

To compensate for the slower respiratory rate when singing a song, does tidal volume increase or decrease?

acidic

If an individual attempts to hold their breath indefinitely, would we expect their blood to become more acidic or alkaline?

decrease

When an individual is concentrating on calculating an equation, do we expect the pH of their blood to increase or decrease?

increase

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high, does an individual’s respiratory rate typically increase or decrease?

no

Is apnea as pronounced in an individual that is hyperventilating into a bag compared to an individual that hyperventilates in an open system?

increased

Do individuals with respiratory disorders, such as asthma or COPD, typically experience increased or decreased respiratory rates compared to individuals without respiratory obstructions?