Exam2_StudyGuide

Serial Position Curve

A graph depicting the relationship between the position of an item in a list and its likelihood of being remembered, showing the primacy and recency effect.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to better remember items presented at the beginning of a list due to longer rehearsal time and better transfer to long-term memory.

Recency Effect

The tendency to better remember items presented at the end of a list due to their presence in short-term memory.

Visual Coding

The process of encoding information based on its visual characteristics, such as shapes, colors, or patterns.

Auditory Coding

The process of encoding information based on its sound, such as spoken words or music.

Semantic Coding

The process of encoding information based on its meaning, allowing for better understanding and retrieval.

Episodic Memory

Memory for specific events or episodes in one's life, including the time, place, and emotions associated with the event.

Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge about the world, not tied to a specific event or context.

Procedural Memory

Memory for how to perform different tasks or skills, often acquired through practice and repetition.

Encoding Specificity Principle

The idea that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval, emphasizing the importance of context.

Consolidation

The process of stabilizing and strengthening memories for long-term storage, involving synaptic and systems consolidation.

Source Monitoring

The cognitive process of determining the origin of memories, helping to distinguish between real and imagined events.

Misinformation Effect

The phenomenon where exposure to misleading information can lead to errors in memory recall.

False Memories

Memories of events that never actually occurred, often influenced by suggestions, leading questions, or misinformation.

Eyewitness Testimony

Testimony given by individuals who have witnessed a crime or event, subject to memory errors and biases.

High prototypicality

Strong positive relationship with family resemblance, verified rapidly in sentence verification techniques, affected by priming, exemplified by dark green pair vs light green pair.

Exemplar Approach to categorization

Utilizes examples to categorize, advantageous for atypical cases.

"Basic" level of categories

Hierarchical organization where categorization is most effective at the basic level.

Effects of knowledge on categorization

Explored in Tanaka & Taylor's "expert" experiment.

Semantic Networks

Proposed by Collins & Quillian in 1969, involving nodes, links, hierarchical structure, cognitive economy, and spreading activation; criticized for its inability to explain the typicality effect.

Connectionist Approach

Involves input units, hidden units, output units, back propagation, supported by graceful degradation and generalization of learning.

Sensory-Functional Hypothesis

Suggests two systems for living things and artifacts, supported by evidence from KC vs EW.

Multiple-Approach Hypothesis

Emphasizes various features and properties, distributed representation for animals and artifacts, concept of crowding.