Phase 1

hormones, endocrinology

anterior pituitary AKA

adenohypophysis

posterior pituitary AKA

neurohypophysis

hormones from hypothalamus travel to anterior pituitary via what

hypothalamus hypophysis portal system (blood)

what hormones does the hypothalamus produce for the posterior pituitary

oxytocin and ADH

function of oxytocin

social bonding, milk ejection and uterine contractions

function of ADH

reabsorption of water in renal system to prevent urination, increases blood volume and pressure

what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary

epithelial

what kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary

neural

characteristics of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

direct and high concentration ability

what is a hormone agonist

hormone analog that binds to receptor and mimics biological action w

what is a hormone antagonist

hormone analog that bind to receptors and prevent normal biological response from happening

what ways can hormone secretion be controlled

humoral

neural

feedback mechanisms

T/F: endocrine glands release into ducts

false, they are ductless glands releasing into blood

what system has these characteristics

transmit via blood

prolonged and slow response

increased signal strength with more in blood

endorcine system

what system has the following characteristics

chemical messengers transmitted via synaptic clefts

rapid response

short lasting

increase signals sent, increases strength

nervous system

what pathology is described by the following

excessive skeletal growht and early closure of epiphysis

hyperthyroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

younger bone age and rate of growth, short stature

hypothyroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

hyperexicitability

hyperreflexia

irritability

hypermania

hyperthyroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

mental retardation

listlessness

slowed movement

impaired memory

decreased mental capacity

depression

lethargic/fatigued

delayed deep tendon reflex relaxation

hypothyroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

increased BMR

weight loss

insomnia

increased body temp

intolerance to heat

perspiration

increased bowel movements

hyperthroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

decreased BMR

weight gain

intolerance to cold

decreased appetite

constipation

hypothryoidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

fine straight hair

soft nails

scant menses

decreased fertility

tachycardia

proximal muscle weakness

moist skin

hyperthyroidism

what pathology is characterized by the following?

myalgia

arthralgia

thin brittle nails

hair thinning

bradycardia

goiter

pale, cool, edemic skin

hypothyroidism

what is grave’s disease characterized by?

hyperthyroidism

exophthalmos

skin thickening in lower leg

what enzyme turns T4 in to T3

deiodinase

T4 AKA

thyroxine

tetraiodothyronine

T3 AKA

triiodothyronine

what form of thyroid hormone is most active

T3

what form of thyroid hormone is most numerous

T4

what do you call the middle of the thyroid follicles

colloid

what is found in the colloid in thyroid follicles

thyroglobulin, a precurosor to thyroid hormones

what causes thyroglobin to become active thyroid hormone

iodination

thhyroid homones act as what kind of hormone

steroid

what are chracteristics of thyroid hormones that make them like steroid hormones

travel via carriers

have a long ½ life

low water solubility

act at the DNA level

increase gene transcription

what adrenal hormone is released from the zona glomerulosa

aldosterone

what adrenal hormone is released from the zona fasciculata

cortisol

what adrenal hormone is released from the zona reticularis

androgens

what adrenal hormone is released from the adrenal medulla

catecholamines

adrenal medulla is functionally related to what system in the body

sympathetic nervous system

aldosterone is what kind of corticoids

mineralcorticiod

cortisol is what kind of corticoid

glucocorticoid

the adrenal medulla is innervated by what nerves

splanchnic

what cells in the adnreal medulla release catecholamines

chromaffin cells

what is the common reation step between all corticosteroids

cholesterol to pregnenolone via desmolase

what is the steps of adrenal gland stimulation starting from the hypothalamus

CRH (hypothalamus) , ACTH (anterior pituitary), adrenal gland

what hormone stimulates the common precursor reaction between all corticosteroids?

ACTH stimulates desmolase to take cholesterol to pregnenolone

aldosterone role

sodium and water reabsorption and potassium secretion

what stimulate relases of aldosterone

ACTH

high K+ levels

angiotensin II

besides the kidney, aldosterone can also impact what organs

colon

sweat and salivary glands

what is the timing of ACTH

rises at wake time and decreases by night time

what corticoid are these actions characteristic of

increase gluconeogenesis

increase proteolysis

increase lipolysis

decrease glucose utilization

decrese insulin sensitivity

gastric acid secretion

glucocorticoids

what corticoid are these actions characteristic of

inhibit inflammatory response

suppress immune response

enhance vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

inhibit bone formation

increase GFR

decrease REM sleep

glucocorticoids

T/F: you can live without glucocorticoids

false, if adrenal cortex is removed or tumor is present you need admistration of exogenous glucocorticoids

hypocortisolism can cause what glucose state

hypoglycemia

hypercortisolism can cause what glucose state

hyperglycemia

how does glucocorticoids inhibit inflammatory responses

by inhibiting phospholipase A2 to prevent making leukotrienes and prostaglandins

due to up regulating _______ receptors glucocorticoids have what impact on vascular responsiveness if they are low

alpha adrenergic, hypotension

due to up regulating _______ receptors glucocorticoids have what impact on vascular responsiveness if they are high

alpha adrenergic, hypertension

Addison’s disease = ____ cortisol,____ACTH

low, high

Addison’s disease is what kind of adrenal insufficiency

primary

Addison’s disease is what kind of disease

autoimmune

cushing’s syndrome = ___ cortisol, ____ ACTH

high, low

Cushing’s disease = _____ cortisol, ____ ACTH

high, high

T/F: Addison’s disease is characterized by low levels of cortiosl only

false, low lelves of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

the following symptoms are indicative of what disease/disorder

hypoglycemia

anorexia

weight loss

hypotension

hyperkalemia

hyperpigmentation

decreases pubic and axillary hair in females

acidosis

Addison’s disease

secondary adrenal insufficiency = ____ cotisol, ____ ACTH

low, low

secondary adrenal insufficiency may be caused by what

head trauma

adenonectomy

stoppping corticosteroid medication abruptly

cushing’s disease may be caused by what

pituitary tumor

cushing’s syndrome may be caused by what

adrenal tumor

what disorder is characterized by the following symptoms

hyperglycemia

muscle wasting in extremities

central obesity

round face

buffalo hump

osteoporosis

hypertension

menstraul disorder in females

striae

cushing’s disease/syndrome

what is the difference between cushing’s disease and syndrome

disease= defect in anterior pituitary

syndrome= defect in adrenal gland

T/F: adrenal gland adrogens have large impact in males sexual characteristics

false

what disorder is characterized by the following

enhanced membrane excitability

muscle spasms

cardiac arrhythmias

seizures

hypocalcemia

what disorder is characterized by the following

reduced membrane excitability

muscle weakness

stupor

hypercalcemia

calcium regulation is invovled in what three tissues

bone

intestine

kidnet

Parathyroid gland is activated by ___ calcium and ____ blood concentration of calcium

low, increases

calcitonin is activated by ____ calcium and ____ blood concentrations of calcium

high, decreases

T/F: in state of acidosis you would expect more calcium to be bound to albumin

false

T/F: in state of alkalosis you would expect more calcium to be bound to albumin

true

bone resportion is stimulated by what hormone

parathyroid

bone absoprtion is stimulated by ______ and inhibited by _____.

vitamin D, calcitonin

phosphate can act as a _____ _____

physiological buffer

what cells in the parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone

chief cells

parathyroid hormone stimulates what

calcium release from bone tissue (resorption)

calcium conservation from kidney

phosphate excretion

parathyroid hormone stimulate what bone cells

osteoclasts

what is the role of vitamin D

mineraliation of new bone which increases both calcium and phosphorus in the blood so they can be deposited in new bone matrix

vitamin D formation ____ when calcium concentration decreases

inceases

what is rickets

vitamin D deficiency due to insufficient amounts of calcium and phosphorus to mineralize new growing bones

what is osteomalacia

new bones failing to mineralize causing bending and softening of weight bearing bones

osteoblasts deposit new bones are stimulated by

weight bearing activities

high calcium and vitamin d

estrogen and testosterone

osteoclasts digest bone and are stimulated by

inactivity

deficient nutrition of calcium and vitamin d

low estrogen and testosterone

calcitonin is secreted from what cells of what organ

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

calcitonin is secreted in response to ____ calcium levels

high

what does the pineal gland produce

melatonin

what is the pineal gland involved in

maintaining circadian rhythm

regulating reproductive hormones

when is melatonin from the pineal gland produced

in the absence of light

what stops the release of melatonin

light

when is melatonin secretion highest?

when is it lowest?

at night

during daylight

how does melatonin regulate reproductive hormones?

by blocking the secretion of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary gland (FSH/LH)

where are light and dark cues communicated to for the release of melatonin/communication with the pineal gland

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus