APUSH Midterm Review: 1607-1860

Colonial Regional Differences

Colonies developed differently due to climate, geography, economy, and population

Colonial Quilt Metaphor

America was described as a “quilt” of distinct regions with different identities

Regional Identity

Regional differences shaped colonial lifestyles, labor systems, and politics

New England Climate

Cold climate and rocky soil limited farming

New England Farms

Small family farms dominated New England

New England Economy

Economy based on trade, fishing, and shipbuilding

New England Religion

Settled mainly by Puritans who emphasized religion

New England Education

Strong emphasis on education and literacy

New England Society

Town-based society centered on meetinghouses

Harvard College (1636)

First college founded in the colonies to train ministers

Congregational Church

Dominant church in New England

New England Slavery

Less slavery and more social stability than other regions

Chesapeake Climate

Warm climate and fertile soil supported plantation farming

Chesapeake Cash Crop

Tobacco was the dominant crop

Chesapeake Disease

High mortality rates from malaria and dysentery

Chesapeake Population

Early population mostly male, causing unstable families

Chesapeake Labor

Relied first on indentured servants, later enslaved Africans

Chesapeake Towns

Few towns with weak education and churches

Southern Plantation Agriculture

Large plantations growing tobacco and rice

Southern Slave Labor

Heavy reliance on enslaved labor

Southern Elite

Wealthy planter class dominated politics

Southern Hierarchy

Society organized into a strict social hierarchy

Southern Infrastructure

Few cities and limited schools

Enslaved Africans

Most enslaved people came from West Africa

Expansion of Slavery

Slavery expanded significantly after Bacon’s Rebellion

Slave Codes

Laws that made slavery permanent, hereditary, and race-based

Slave Literacy Laws

Teaching enslaved people to read was illegal

New York Slave Revolt (1712)

Early slave rebellion in the colonies

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Largest slave uprising in colonial America

Established Churches

Anglican Church dominated the South and Congregational Church dominated New England

Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 1730s

Great Awakening Style

Emphasized emotional preaching and personal faith

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher known for emotional Great Awakening sermons

George Whitefield

Evangelical preacher who spread the Great Awakening

Old Lights

Traditionalists who opposed the Great Awakening

New Lights

Supporters of revivalist religion

Great Awakening Impact

Encouraged questioning of authority

Colonial Unity

First shared experience across the colonies

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies existed to benefit Britain

Trade Restrictions

British trade laws limited colonial trade

Colonial Smuggling

Colonists smuggled goods to avoid trade laws

Colonial Assemblies

Colonies had elected representative assemblies

Colonial Voting

Voting limited to property-owning white men

Zenger Trial

Court case that supported freedom of the press

Self-Government

Colonies developed a strong tradition of self-rule

War of 1812 Causes

United States was unprepared militarily and politically divided

War of 1812 Weak Army

U.S. army was small and poorly trained

Canadian Invasions

American invasions of Canada failed

Fort Michilimackinac

British captured the fort early in the war

Battle of Lake Erie

Oliver Hazard Perry’s naval victory boosted morale

Battle of the Thames

American victory that increased confidence

Battle of Lake Champlain

Prevented British invasion from Canada

Burning of Washington

British burned Washington, D.C.

Fort McHenry

Defense inspired the Star-Spangled Banner

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson defeated the British

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 as a draw

Treaty of Ghent Terms

Restored prewar boundaries

Impressment

Treaty did not mention British impressment

Hartford Convention

Federalists met to protest the war

Hartford Convention Ideas

Discussed constitutional amendments

Federalist Decline

Convention made Federalists appear disloyal

Second War for Independence

War of 1812 increased national pride

Nationalism

War boosted American nationalism

Manufacturing Growth

War encouraged domestic manufacturing

War Heroes

Produced heroes like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Agreement to demilitarize the Great Lakes

Cultural Nationalism

Growth of American literature and art

Washington Irving

American author of the nationalist period

James Fenimore Cooper

Author who wrote about American frontier life

Military Expansion

Army and navy strengthened after the war

American System

Henry Clay’s economic plan

Protective Tariff

Tariff of 1816 protected American industry

National Bank

American System included a strong national bank

Internal Improvements

Roads and canals funded by the government

Economic Unity

Goal was to link North, South, and West

Era of Good Feelings

Period of one-party rule under James Monroe

Monroe Election

Monroe won easily due to weak opposition

Sectional Tensions

Regional conflicts continued despite unity

Southern Opposition

South opposed tariffs and internal improvements

Panic of 1819

First major economic depression in U.S. history

Land Speculation

Excessive land buying caused economic collapse

Bank Failures

Banks failed after issuing too much credit

BUS Credit Policy

National bank tightened credit

Western Impact

Western farmers were hit hardest

Bank Distrust

Americans lost trust in banks

Westward Expansion

Americans moved west for land and opportunity

New States

Nine new states admitted between 1791 and 1819

Transportation Improvements

Roads and steamboats helped western growth

Land Act of 1820

Lowered the price of federal land

Cumberland Road

Road improved western trade

Missouri Compromise

Agreement to balance slave and free states

Missouri Slave State

Missouri admitted as a slave state

Maine Free State

Maine admitted as a free state

36°30′ Line

Slavery banned north of this latitude

Temporary Solution

Did not permanently solve slavery conflict

Judicial Nationalism

Supreme Court strengthened federal power

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed implied powers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden

Federal government controls interstate commerce

Cohens v. Virginia

Supreme Court has authority over state courts

Market Revolution

Shift from subsistence farming to a national economy