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Hypothalamus
Located below the thalamus in the brain; regulates pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland
Attached to the hypothalamus; anterior pituitary secretes hormones like FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH; posterior releases oxytocin and ADH
Thyroid Gland
Butterfly-shaped gland in the neck; secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
Small glands behind the thyroid; regulate calcium with PTH.
Adrenal Glands
On top of the kidneys; medulla releases epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
Pancreas
Behind the stomach; secretes insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation.
Gonads
Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone) and testes (testosterone).
Growth Hormone (GH):
Stimulates growth and metabolism.
Cortisol
Stress hormone; increases blood glucose.
Aldosterone
Regulates sodium and water balance.
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Fight-or-flight responses.
Goldfish:Insulin
Caused hypoglycemia (goldfish became lethargic).
Goldfish GLucagon
Reversed hypoglycemia (goldfish returned to normal activity).