APUSH Period 7

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

How The Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Secret Ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Initiative

process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Anti-Saloon League

Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society; supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelts plan of attack: The Three C's (Conserve, Control, Consumers)

National Consumers League

Begun in New York, a national progressive organization that encouraged women, through their shopping decisions, to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Coal Strike 1902

Was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Conservationist

one who advocates the use of natural resources to be utilized by the government to benefit citizens

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Allowed for political influence.

Wall of Privilege

Woodrow Wilson attempt to attack elitism in U.S.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Anti-Trust

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany. In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Homefront

the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad.

Espionage and Sedition Act

Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW1

Schenck v. U.S

A United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.

Silent Sentinels

women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for better Political, Social and economic opportunities.

American Expeditionary Force

American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing.

Meuse-Argonne

in a forest in Southern France, US pushes German army back into German territory (final WWI battle)

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. U.S. not apart of it.

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Emergency Quota Act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

Immigration Act

1921 act setting a maximum of 357,000 new immigrants each year

Organized Crime 1920's

effect of prohibition

speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

bootlegging

the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally. Greatly increased in 1920's.

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Consumer Culture

Created by advertisement, and began American's need to buy things.

Installment Plans

Customers could buy goods by making a small down payment followed by additional monthly payments with interest. Grew Consumerism in 1920's.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. Helped strengthen mass production in 1920's.

Model T

A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.

Radio 1920's

Strengthened National Culture by providing news, entertainment and ads into peoples homes all across the country.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

UNIA

universal negro improvement association; founded by Marcus Garvey to end racism through separation of races

5 Power Naval Treaty

US Britain France Italy and Japan agreed to cut navies and have a naval holiday of ten years where no capital ships (battleships and aircraft carriers) were produced

Kellog Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Treaty of Versaille

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Ohio Gang

a group of close friends and political supporters whom President Warren G. Harding appointed to his cabinet that were associated with scandals

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

CCC

It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

TVA

The Tennessee Valley Authority federation was created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's 1937 proposes stronger measures against Axis Powers aggressive moves around the world

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Lend-lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

War Bonds

Short-term loans that individual citizens made to the government that financed two-thirds of the war's cost.

Rationing

Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

EO9066

incarcerated the Japanese on the west coast and send them to the internment camps

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

propaganda

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

Unconditional Surrender

a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party

Atlantic Wall

a series of fortifications along the coast of France that Hitler had built in anticipation of an attack from the sea

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.