USH Regents Court Cases

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in criminal trial

(Warren Court - expanded individual rights)

Gideon v Wainwright (1963)

defendants have a right to an attorney even if they can’t afford one, 14th Amendment, equal protection

(Warren Court - expanded individual rights)

Escobedo v Illinois (1964)

the accused must know their rights and have access to a lawyer, broadened interpretation of 6th Amendment

(Warren Court - expanded individual rights)

Miranda v Arizona (1964)

right to remain silent, right to an attorney, police must give “Miranda rights”; expanded Escobedo case

(Warren Court - expanded individual rights)

Schenck v US (1919)

speech may be punished if it creates a “clear and present danger”

Morse v Fredrick (2007)

schools may suppress student speech that promotes drug use

New York Times v Sullivan (1964)

defamation/libelling a public figure is based on “actual malice” of the defendant

Tinker v Des Moines (1969)

public school students may peacefully protest when it does not disrupt classes

Texas v Johnson (1989)

there may not be a law to ban flag-burning

Citizens United v FEC (2010)

the government cannot restrict independent organizations from financially supporting political campaigns & political advertizing

Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)

“slavery follows the flag” on the grounds of property rights

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

upheld “separate but equal” policy on railroad cars

Brown v Board of Ed (1954)

supported racial desegregation, overturned Plessy v Ferguson

Green v County School Board of New Kent County (1968)

banned "freedom of choice” for integrated schools, promoting racial diversity in public school

Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed (1971)

approved busing and redrawing district lines to promote integration

Reed v Reed (1971)

gender discrimination violates equal protection under the Constitution

Craig v Boren (1976)

gender discrimination can be justified if it “serves important government objectives” (ie sale of beer for men at 21 but women at 18)

Rostker v Goldberg (1981)

Congress can draft men without drafting women

US v Virginia (1996)

State may not finance an all-male military school (VMI must also admit women)

Griswold v Connecticut (1965)

“right to privacy”, banned state laws from restricting sale of contraceptives

Roe v Wade (1973)

state laws prohibiting abortion are unconstitutional

Webster v Reproductive Health Services (1989)

allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals

Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992)

upheld Roe v Wade but with certain limits to its use

Gonzales v Carhart (2007)

federal law may ban certain forms of partial-birth abortion

Boy Scouts of America v Dale (2000)

a private organization may ban gays from membership

Lawrence v Texas (2003)

state law may not ban sexual relations with same-sex partners

US v Windsor (2013)

gay couples married in states that allow same-sex marriage must receive the same tax and health benefits provided to heterosexual married couples

Obergefell v Hodges (2015)

same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry in all states (5-4 decision)