Cmn 172

Definiton: Phishing

is when malicious websites entice users to reveal their personal information by masquerading as trustworthy websites (such as banks)

Definiton: Email spam

is unsolicited, commercial messages that sometimes host malware or phishing links

Definiton: Astroturfing

is the practice of using fake online accounts and identities to give the impression that an organization, individual, or idea is more popular than it actually is (e.g., by leaving favorable comments or bestowing likes)

Definiton: Butler lies

serve the function of managing one's availability for current or future interpersonal contact with one's interlocutor

Ex. "On my way" when you haven't left yet; "can't wait to see you" when you don't mean it

Definition: idealized virtual-identity hypothesis

users should take advantage of unlimited composition time and edit-ability in order to compose embellished versions of self that can impress audiences

Definition: extended real-life hypothesis

SNS profiles should accurately portray users' personalities, because users do not want to come across as deceptive in front of audiences who know them well.

Definition: Self-other symmetry

is a well-documented social bias suggesting that people view themselves more favorably than others, and they judge others more harshly than themselves

How does self-other symmetry apply to online deception?

is regarded as an undesirable behavior and the self-other asymmetry gap widens when people are asked about the prevalence of deception in mediated (rather than FtF) environments, which suggests that people have unique biases about the deceptive qualities inherent to online interactions

Definition: Cyberbullying

is an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself

Definition: Cyber aggression

refers to intentional harmful actions that are perpetrated via technology but that do not include an imbalance of power or repetition

Definition: Cyber inactivity

is rude/discourteous behaviors occurring through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) such as e-mail or text messages

\- Doesn't have a power imbalance, like cyberbullying does

Definition: Direct cyberbullying

refers to aggressive acts limited to just the perpetrator and victim

Definition: Indirect cyberbullying

on the other hand, occurs on multiple media platforms and has the potential to involve a much larger audience than just the victim and perpetrator

What negative consequences/outcomes do victims of cyberbullying often experience?

Higher levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness, greater suicidal ideation, lower levels of self-esteem, and poor academic performance

How does personality, beliefs, and behaviors predict being a cyberbully victim?

More technology use, gender, race, body dissatisfaction

According to researchers, what parental behaviors can be done to protect children from cyberbullying?

Positive parent-adolescent relations, parental warmth

According to researchers, how do personality, beliefs, and behaviors predict being a cyberbully perpetrator?

Cyberbully perpetrators are likely to have low self-esteem, low cognitive or affective empathy, psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism

What are the four types of social media, a classification based on the nature of connections among users and directedness of communications?

(1) broadcast self-media: twitter

(2) targeted relationship media: Facebook, WeChat 

(3) collaboration media: Wikipedia, Quora

(4) creative outlets: YouTube

What are the major motivations for using social media?

\- Need for information

\- Need for entertainment 

\- Need for social connection 

\- Need for strengthening ego 

\- Need for self-actualization

Definition: Flow

Users may be intensely engaged in social media with a distorted sense of time, loss of self-consciousness, and exclusion of all other thoughts

What are the different types of privacy management tactics?

\- Network-based

\- Platform-based

\- Content-based

\- Profile-based

Definition: Platform-based

Some users choose to use the social media sites' privacy settings to control who sees their posts. A common approach on Facebook is to change the setting to be "friends only," so that only a user's friends may see their posts.

Definition: Network-based

Social media users decide who to friend or follow, therefore filtering their network of people. Some Facebook users avoid friending people they do not know.

Definition: Profile-based

A less commonly used approach is to create multiple accounts (on a single platform, or across platforms). For example, a professional, personal, and fun account.

What are the distinct privacy boundaries relevant to social media?

1\. Relationship

2\. Network

3\. Territorial

4\. Disclosure

5\. Interactional

What are examples of ways Relationship boundaries can be regulated?

This involves regulating who is in one's social network as well as appropriate interactions for each relationship type

What are examples of ways Network boundaries can be regulated?

This consists of regulating access to one's social connections as well as interactions between those connections

What are examples of ways Territorial boundaries can be regulated?

This has to do with regulating what content comes in for personal consumption and what is available in interactional spaces

What are examples of ways Disclosure boundaries can be regulated?

The literature commonly focuses on this aspect which consists of regulating what personal and co-owned information is disclosed to one's social network

What are examples of ways Interactional boundaries can be regulated?

This applies to regulating potential interaction with those within and outside of one's social network.

What are the coping strategies for maintaining one's privacy on social media?

\- Filtering



\- Ignoring

\- Blocking 

\- Withdrawal 

\- Aggression

\- Compliance 

\- Compromise

Definition: Deception

Deliberately inducing in another a belief that the deceiver knows is false

What are some factors about Deception?

\- The deceiver needs to convince the receiver that what they're saying is true

\- For this class, deception and lies are the same thing

\- Both verbal and nonverbal

what is verbal deception?

saying something false

what is nonverbal deception?

what the deceiver does to convince the receiver of the lie

\- Could take the form of controlling typical cues of lying (fidgeting, playing with hair, lack of eye contact)

What are the different deception theories?

\- Four-Factor model of deception

\- Interpersonal deception theory

Definition: Four-Factor model of deception

\- Attempted control

\- felt emotion

\- physiological arousal

\- cognitive processing

Definition: Interpersonal deception theory

As the deceiver becomes aware of the receiver's suspicions, they will change their behavior to re-convince the receiver

\- Communication is interactive

\- Deceiver influences receiver's perceptions

\- Receiver's suspicions impact deceiver's behaviors

Definition: Attempted control (Four-Factor model of deception)

A deceiver's attempts to control what they're saying is a cue of deception. May appear bland, rehearsed, lacks spontaneity; It's difficult for a deceiver to control all aspects - facial expressions, words, body language, etc.

\- Lack of control causes leakage

Definition: Felt emotion (Four-Factor model of deception)

You can feel more positive emotions like joy if you feel you're getting away with deception but you can feel anxious if you're worried about getting away with deception

Definition: Physiological arousal (Four-Factor model of deception)

Types of responses that are detectable using a polygraph (heart rate, skin conductance)

Ex: Pupil dilation, blink rate, vocal frequency, speech disturbances

Definition: Cognitive processing (Four-Factor model of deception)

Coming up with a lie is a lot of effort, More difficult than telling the truth - you have to remember more details to avoid inconsistencies

\- Pupil dilation also falls under cognitive processing

How difficult is to detect deception?

54% accuracy in detecting lies. Not much better than just guessing

Why are we poor lie detectors?

\- counter measures 

\- No obvious indicators 

\- Truth bias

Definition: counter measures

The moment a deceiver realizes someone will determine if they believe the lie or not, they will engage in counter measures to make it more convincing

Ex. you know you're taking a polygraph, you think of something that makes you anxious during the baseline measures so they get a warped perception of your results

Definition: Verbal counter measures

overcompensating with extra information based on lies

Definition: Nonverbal counter measures

limited measures that are associated with lying (touching face/ hair, fidgeting)

Definition: No obvious indicators

We won't actually turn into pinocchio/ have our noses grow

Definition: Truth bias

Tendency to assume other people are telling the truth. We're actually better at detecting truth than lies

What are the different types of online deception?

\- Identity-based deception 

\- Message-based deception 

\- False Information

\- Luring

What are the three different kinds of identity-based deception?

\- identity concealment 

\- identity theft 

\- identity forgery

What are the different kinds of false information?

\- fake news 

\- rumors

\- fake reviews

\- misinformation vs disinformation

What are the two different kinds of luring?

\- spamming 

\- phishing

Definition: Identity concealment

Occurs when an individual alters an aspect of their identity

Ex. using a dating app and leave out that they're currently in a relationship

Definition: Identity theft

More severe in that someone's identity was stolen

Ex. parody accounts for celebrities, pretending to be someone else on a dating app

Definition: Identity forgery

When an entirely new persona is created along with a unique history

Definition: Message-based deception

Deception that takes place in the communication between two people. Can be overlap between identity and messaged based deception

Definition: Fake news

News articles that are intentionally fake and verifiably false. Spreads faster than true news

Definition: Rumors

Information that isn't verified yet

Definition: Fake reviews

Made by people or bots, Aren't accurate reviews

Definition: Misinformation vs Disinformation

\- Misinformation is made without the intent to deceive common in situations where information is still developing

\- Disinformation is made with the intent to deceive

Definition: Problematic internet use (PIU)

"Use of the Internet that creates psychological, social, school, and/or work difficulties in a person's life"

\- Studied in the context of psychosocial well-being

Definition: Cognitive-behavioral theory of PIU

Distinct patterns of internet related cognitions and behaviors that result in negative outcomes 

\- This study is trying to understand why people are online

\- Helps to explain why people are online instead of just how long they are online

Definition: Specific PIU

Overuse and abuse of content specific functions of the internet. Refers to how internet use can be the outcome of broader behavioral disorders. Things like addiction can manifest in internet use patterns (ex: online gambling, online pornography consumption)

Definition: Generalized PIU

How multidimensional overuse of the internet can result in negative outcomes

\- How our general use of internet can be negative, whereas specific is also based on preexisting behavioral disorders

\- Consequence of the internet, whereas specific PIU can be a predictor

Definition: Mere presence hypothesis

Argues that: Cell phones are going to act as an environmental distraction that's disruptive to our conversations

\- Lower conversation quality and satisfaction

What are the signs of a stalker?

\- Repeated, intrusive behavior

\- Unwanted by the victim

\- Threat (implicit or explicit)

\- Feeling of fear in victim

Implicit threat example:

perpetrator is demonstrating they're volatile in some way or can't control their behavior of wanting to communicate with or see the victim

Explicit threat example:

verbal threats

What are the behavior types of a stalker?

\- Surveillance

\- Communicating

\- Aggression or violence

Definition: ORI

Repeated unwanted pursuit and invasion of privacy by another person who desires and/or presumes an intimate relationship

Main distinction from stalking:

perpetrator desires or presumes an intimate relationship with the victim

\- Unwanted messages/gifts, covertly obtaining information, threaten to hurt self or others

Definition: SNSs

Web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile

\- Articulate a list of users they share a connection with

\- View and traverse other's profiles

SNS is a form of social media

Definition: Social Media

"Internet-based channels that allow users to opportunistically interact and selectively self-present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences who derive value from user-generated content and the perception of interaction with others"

whats the key distinction of social media?

social media places a heavier emphasis on UGC and disseminating UGC, while SNS focuses on user-to-user interaction and relationship

What is SixDegrees.com?

One of the first SNS

● Users could create profiles, list friends, and surf friends' lists

● Before SixDegrees, there were sites with the ability to create a profile OR see friends, but never both

● Eventually was unsustainable, people were uninterested because there was so little to do

● Closed in 2000

What is LiveJournal?

Site with one-way connections

● You could post journal entries visible to your connections/friends list

What is Ryze.com?

Focused on business connections

What is Friendster?

Came out of Ryze.com, was the social component

● Implemented to compete with Match.com

● Help friends of friends meet each other; they thought people would have better romantic connections if they had mutual friends

● Complications: not built for how often and how many people used it, people were creating profiles in a way Friendster hadn't anticipated (parody accounts, bands, celebrity spoofs)

Which SNS became mainstream?

Myspace, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram

Definition: The profile element

Meant to show who the user is to the audience

What are the elements of a profile?

\- Self-presentation 

\- Challenge of authenticity 

\- Affordances

what are the affordances of SNS elements?

● Privacy

● Visibility

● Audience transparency

What are the elements of a network?

\- Social mobilization

\- Loneliness

\- There are benefits to growing our networks online

\- Maintaining weaker connections (ex. Rachel is still 'friends' with people from high school)

What are the elements of a stream?

Posts, text status, reactions to posts, comments, suggested content and ads

\- Active and passive use

\- social comparison 

\- Envy

What are the active elements of stream?

interacting with posts, making your own posts

what are the passive elements of stream?

just scrolling through

What are the elements of message?

Allows us to form and maintain social connections

\- However, we feel pressure to constantly be connected

\- Social connectedness

\- Distraction

What are the different functions of SNSs?

\- Relationship maintenance 

\- Relationship initiation

\- Relational reconnection

\- Identity experimentation 

\- Information seeking

\- Metacommunication

Definition: Identity experimentation

Identity is complex and multifaceted. When we interact F2F, there are aspects of our identity that are more visible, but online you can control what aspects of your identity people can see or interact with

\- Online, we aren't limited by what we look like

Definition: Metacommunication

When we communicate with someone, there's a surface level idea of what we communicate about

\- Communication about communication

Ex. We reply to a post on Instagram, DMing someone about a party that you know you weren't invited to

Types of private information:

\- Social privacy

\- Institutional privacy 

\- security privacy

Definition: Social privacy

How much info people know about you

\- Where you are, what you're doing

Definition: Institutional privacy

Organizations having information about you

- Not allowing search engines to see your history...

Definition: Security privacy

More malicious, identity theft, stealing

Why do people misperceive their online audience?

People underestimate their audience (someone can repost content, bots can steal or view information)

What is the third-person effect?

When you understand there's privacy concerns but don't do anything about it

\- More susceptible to media effects

\- "It's a concern for other people, but not for me"

What are elements of the Communication privacy management theory?

\- Private information -> personal ownership 

\- ownership of information -> control over information flow 

\- Privacy rules control information flow

\- Collective ownership

\- Privacy rules and boundary turbulence

Definition: Private information → personal ownership

Individuals equate private information with personal ownership (incorrect_

Definition: Ownership of information → control over information flow

Because they think they own the private information they think they can control the flow